[106] During the 1880s agricultural products became the highest export earner and farming was a major occupation within New Zealand. [95][96], The academic year in New Zealand varies between institutions, but generally runs from late January until mid-December for primary and secondary schools and polytechnics, and from late February until mid-November for universities. However, such early recognition of native title did not last and subsequent actions by successive governments resulted in the individualization of Māori land and its subsequent sale, such that most land in New Zealand had already passed out of Māori ownership by 1900 in acts which are now widely recognized as being in breach of the Treaty. While a census was conducted in 2018, findings have yet to be released at this writing, making the 2013 one the most recent. In health, for example, while many Asian migrants who arrive in New Zealand are relatively healthy – a circumstance attributed to the ‘healthy immigrant effect’, which requires most migrants to be in good health in order to be allowed to immigrate to a new host country – this positive effect on health is reported to gradually diminish with increased length of residency. In the last two decades there have been significant migration flows from eastern Asia, in some part a response to perceptions of a brain drain from New Zealand to Australia since the two countries formed Closer Economic Relations (CER) and removed immigration restrictions between them. Following the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 when the country became a British colony, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia. [4], Farming is a major occupation in New Zealand, although more people are employed as sales assistants. Birth rates in developed countries are relatively low, equivalent to a family size (total fertility) of no more than two and in some Southern and Eastern European country are not more than about 1.4. , the biggest Pacific groups in New Zealand are the Samoan, Cook Islander, Tongan. Kawharu, H. [85] In the 2013 census, 21.3 percent of Māori people—and 3.7 percent of all respondents, including some non-Māori people—reported conversational fluency in the language. According to data from the 2013 census, there were 598,605 Māori in the country, making up 14.9 per cent of the total population. [6] Compared to the diversity of the population as a whole, the population aged under 18 years is considerably more ethnically diverse. New Zealand (Aotearoa) has two main populated islands, the North Island and the South Island. There were 775,836 people identifying as being part of the Māori ethnic group at the 2018 New Zealand census, making up 16.5% of New Zealand's population. [35], East Polynesians were the first people to reach New Zealand about 1280, followed by the early European explorers, notably James Cook in 1769 who explored New Zealand three times and mapped the coastline. 155–60. [68] The number of people identifying as a "New Zealander" dropped back to under 66,000 in 2013,[68] and further declined to about 45,300 in 2018. [89], Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2 percent), followed by "Northern Chinese" (including Mandarin; 2.0 percent), Hindi (1.5 percent) and French (1.2 percent). However, New Zealand’s population is also reflected in successive history of colonization and migration, with the majority of its citizens today of European origin. [69] As last recorded in the 2013 census, the largest iwi is Ngāpuhi with 125,601 people (or 18.8 percent of people of Māori descent). [108] Most people are on wages or salaries (59.9 percent), with the other sources of income being interest and investments (24.1 percent) and self-employment (16.6 percent). Nevertheless, the legacy of the country’s colonization and the large-scale dispossession of their land by settlers continues to be felt to this day. In Auckland, 23 per cent of the city’s residents identify as Asian. [77] The words rarely and really, reel and real, doll and dole, pull and pool, witch and which, and full and fill can sometimes be pronounced as homophones. Māori experience discrimination in a range of spheres, reflected in their continued overrepresentation in the criminal justice system, as both offenders and victims. Collectively known as Pasifika, the biggest Pacific groups in New Zealand are the Samoan, Cook Islander, Tongan, Niuean, Fijian, Tokelauan, and Tuvaluan communities. The assailant, a white supremacist, appeared to have been heavily motivated by anti-immigrant sentiment, with the attack intended to create intercommunal conflict. [78][79][75] Some New Zealanders pronounce the past participles grown, thrown and mown using two syllables, whereas groan, throne and moan are pronounced as one syllable. [107] The largest occupation recorded during the census was sales assistant with 93,840 people. [37] During the gold rush period (1858–1880s) large number of young men came from California and Victoria to New Zealand goldfields. Māori infants die more frequently from SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), have lower birth weight than non-Māori and also experience higher rates of illness. Samoans are the largest Pacific group, making up 48.7 per cent of all Pacific New Zealanders, followed by Cook Islands Māori (20.9 per cent), Tongans (20.4 per cent) and Niueans (8.1 per cent). The non-white population across the UK as a whole was 14%, according to the 2011 census. 6, no. [29] A group of Māori migrated to Rēkohu, now known as the Chatham Islands, where they developed their distinct Moriori culture. Migrants working in some occupations (mainly health) must be registered with the appropriate profession body before they can work within that area. With one in seven New Zealanders of Māori descent, Māori are the second largest ethnic group in New Zealand. As at the 2018 census, 37 percent of the population identify as Christians, with Hinduism and Buddhism being the largest minority religions; almost half of the population (48.5 percent) is irreligious. There is a single parliament, which has generally been dominated by two main parties: the Labour Party and the National Party. [29] New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 84.1 percent of the population living in an urban area. The. [57], At the latest census in 2018, 71.7 percent identified as European, 16.5 percent as Māori, 15.1 percent as Asian, 8.1 percent as Pacific peoples, and 1.2 percent as Middle-Eastern, Latin American, and African (MELAA). [74] In the 2018 census, 95.4 percent of respondents spoke English,[4] down from 96.1 percent in 2013. By the 1890s, the Māori population was approximately 40 percent of its size pre-contact. This was up from $15,600 in 1996, with the largest increases in the $50,000 to $70,000 bracket. Sinclair, K., A History of New Zealand, 2nd edn, London, Allen Lane, 1980. [90] The Education Index, published with the UN's 2014 Human Development Index and based on data from 2013, listed New Zealand at 0.917, ranked second after Australia. So we can calculate the proportions of ethnic groups for each territory the same way we saw above, and visualize it on the Map using New Zealand Territory level GeoJSON. By 2036 the number of people aged 65 and over is projected to increase by 77 percent over 2016. [33] Today a territorial authority must have a predominantly urban population of at least 50,000 before it can be officially recognised as a city. Programme for International Student Assessment, "National Population Estimates: At 30 June 2016", "Births and deaths: Year ended December 2017", "2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – Languages spoken", "2018 Census population and dwelling counts | Stats NZ", "Seeking an Ethnic Identity: Is "New Zealander" a Valid Ethnic Category? [64] Moreover, non-European ethnic groups make up a greater proportion of the under-18 population. Generally groups were more likely to form among 'chain migrants', that is, where immigrants in New Zealand encouraged and assisted their kin and fellow villagers to join them. [21][n 3] During early migration in 1858, New Zealand had 131 males for every 100 females, but following changes in migration patterns and the modern longevity advantage of women, females came to outnumber males in 1971. , with calls to urgently implement effective monitoring and assessment of hate incidents targeting Muslims and other minorities. According to the 2013 Census, the main ethnic communities include the Māori indigenous people at 598,605 (14.9 per cent) and Pacific Islanders at 295,941 (7.4 per cent). The Evolution of Contemporary Maori Protest: www.aotearoa.wellington.net.nz/back/tumoana/#(ii). Further conditions apply for those born from 2006 onwards. Much of New Zealand is mountainous and of volcanic origin. [43] The number of fee-paying international students increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002. Ethnic groups. This comes after Statistics New Zealand revealed that … There are also significant numbers of Christians who identify themselves with Methodist, Pentecostal, Baptist and Latter-day Saint churches, and the New Zealand-based Rātana church has adherents among Māori. By the start of the nineteenth century traders had sought to exploit New Zealand’s natural resources and missionaries had begun to evangelize the tangata whenua (the people of the land). [4], Education follows the three-tier model, which includes primary schools, followed by secondary schools (high schools) and tertiary education at universities or polytechnics. Apart from British, there were Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Italians and many Chinese. England's Deputy Chief Medical Officer says it "really concerns" him that fewer BAME people may get the Covid vaccine. Some of these challenges appear to arise from underlying structural obstacles for Asian New Zealanders as a minority community: these include a lack of knowledge of the New Zealand health system, cultural beliefs and approaches to health care that differ from the New Zealand system, and linguistic barriers. [107] Farming is still a major employer, with 75 000 people indicating farming as their occupation during the 2006 census,[108] although dairy farming has recently taken over from sheep as the largest sector. From the 1960s onwards other Polynesian migrants became a significant migration stream, especially from the New Zealand territories of Niue, Tokelau and the Cook Islands, and from Samoa and Tonga. Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are concentrated in other English-speaking countries, specifically the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, with smaller numbers located elsewhere. Additionally, many Māori consider that the value of the settlements represents only a very small percentage of the value of the total loss. The 1961 New Zealand census recorded that the population was 92 percent European and 7 percent Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1 percent. For 1921–2000, population in the table means population on 1 January on the year. The University of Manchester study showed people from some ethnic minority groups – particularly those belonging to Asian groups – were more likely to report poor experiences at their GP surgery. [38] From 1900 there was also significant Dutch, Dalmatian,[39] and Italian immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa. [n 1][58] Most New Zealanders are of English,[59] Scottish,[60] and Irish ancestry,[61] with smaller percentages of other European ancestries, such as Dutch, Dalmatian, French, German and Scandinavian. Depressions in the 1880s and 1930s slowed economic and population growth. The flow of Asian migrants declined somewhat at the start of the twenty-first century with changing immigration criteria, some anti-Asian political rhetoric and some adverse publicity in the People’s Republic of China concerning crime rates in New Zealand. New Zealand is a multiethnic society, and home to people of many different national origins. It's important to learn the history of the ethnic, racial, and religious groups your ancestors belonged to. There is also a growing Asian population who, through migration in recent decades, … [7], English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages, with English predominant. [68] The European grouping significantly decreased from 80.0 percent of the population in 2001 to 67.6 percent in 2006, however, this is broadly proportional to the large increase in "New Zealanders". For Māoris with their concept of turangawaewae (‘a place to stand’), indicating the close connection between land and tribal and personal identity, the dispossession was not simply about alienation of their land but a loss of self-governance and of cultural identity which continues to be reflected in the inequalities experienced by Māori in comparison with non-Māori across a broad range of social indicators. There has also been the development of the Treaty settlement process, including the establishment in 1995 of a designated body, the Office of Treaty Settlements, to oversee the process under which numerous Māori communities have negotiated settlements to their historical claims, while others continue to go through the process. [n 10] The median personal income in 2006 was $24,400. There is also persistent discrimination against New Zealand’s other minority groups, including Pacific peoples and, migrant Asian communities. [44], To be eligible for entry under the skilled migrant plan applicants are assessed by an approved doctor for good health, provide a police certificate to prove good character and speak sufficient English. [62] Auckland was the most diverse region with 43.0 percent identifying as European, 28.5 percent as Asian, 11 percent as Māori, 15.5 percent as Pacific Islanders and 1 percent as MELAA. The job was created in response to New Zealand's changing cultural and demographic profile. By the 1890s, the Māori population was approximately 40 percent of its size pre-contact. Other steps include the adoption of the Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 (or Māori Land Act), which, as well as establishing a Māori Land Court, preserves the capacity of Māori to hold land collectively and recognizes that Māori land is a taonga (treasure) of special significance to Māori people. [4] As of March 2021, the total population has risen to an 5,119,880 (estimated by extrapolation). While Pacific communities are making progress in some areas, they continue to face social, health, education and economic problems, with over 40 per cent of Pacific children living in poverty. They value aspects such as personal distance during communication, greeting, and ha… Due to restrictive policies, limitations were placed on non-European immigrants. This is an increase of 177,234 people (29.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 210,507 people (37.2%) since the 2006 census. The workgroup will first focus its efforts on the Malay group, earlier than increasing to different minority ethnic teams. Contemporary New Zealand has a majority of people of European origin, a significant minority of Maori, and smaller numbers of people from Pacific islands and Asia. Despite this worrying global situation, we reaffirm our commitment to safeguarding the rights of minority and indigenous communities and implementing indivisible human rights for all. Of these, 360,000, over three-quarters of the New Zealand-born population residing outside of New Zealand, live in Australia. 1544957, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, Māori were the first inhabitants of New Zealand or. Historically, after the Polynesians, most migration to New Zealand was from the United Kingdom but the sources of migration became more diverse in the years after the Second World War. [120] Most New Zealanders do some form of voluntary work, more women volunteer (92 percent) than males (86 percent). [50] However many educated professionals from Europe and lesser developed countries have recently migrated to New Zealand. In the 2018 census, 22,987 people reported the ability to use New Zealand Sign Language. [53], New Zealand is a multiethnic society, and home to people of many different national origins. [28], Approximately 14 percent of the population live in four different categories of rural areas as defined by Statistics New Zealand. [95] There are 13 school years and attending state (public) schools is nominally free from an individual's fifth birthday until the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday. New Zealand is part of a realm and most people born in the realm's external territories of Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue are entitled to New Zealand passports. It gives the following information about the European, Māori, Asian, Pacific peoples, and Middle Eastern / Latin American / African ethnic groups… Obtaining redress from the government for the wrongful invasion and confiscation of land has been a slow and bitter process. channelnewsasia.com - SINGAPORE: A new workgroup was set up last month to improve the health of minority ethnic groups, the Ministry of Health announced on Friday (Mar … A number of historical and cultural factors bear upon why separate women's groups formed in only some immigrant or ethnic populations here. Where a person reported more than one religious affiliation, they were counted in each applicable group. Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline. [24], The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. [34] The 20 largest urban areas are listed below: Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. [47][48], While most New Zealanders live in New Zealand, there is also a significant diaspora abroad, estimated as of 2001 at over 460,000 or 14 percent of the international total of New Zealand-born. While New Zealand has long enjoyed a reputation for its relative tolerance and liberal environment, this image was shattered by a brutal attack on two mosques in Christchurch in March 2019 that left 51 people dead and many others injured. Before local government reforms in the late 1980s, a borough council with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city. About 65.4 percent of the population live in the 20 main urban areas (population of 30,000 or more) and 44.2 percent live in the four largest cities of Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, and Hamilton. [19], The median child birthing age was 30 and the total fertility rate is 2.1 births per woman in 2010. [114] The median income for men was $31,500, $12,400 more than women. The most significant minority group, the indigenous Maori people, is a Polynesian group with a distinctive culture and a well-ordered social system. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Nevertheless, the legacy of the country’s colonization and the large-scale dispossession of their land by settlers, to be felt to this day. South Asians also experience higher than average levels of the disease. Asian groups have also sometimes been disadvantaged. deaths exceed births. The marked differences in patterns of migration between different groups may have been important in determining whether women's groups developed. They also, like Māori, experience markedly poorer health outcomes than the rest of the population, with raised levels of diabetes, obesity and infant mortality. (‘a place to stand’), indicating the close connection between land and tribal and personal identity, the dispossession was not simply about alienation of their land but a loss of self-governance and of cultural identity which continues to be reflected in the inequalities experienced by Māori in comparison with non-Māori across a broad range of social indicators. [67] The number of people identifying with this term increased from approximately 80,000 (2.4 percent) in 2001 to just under 430,000 people (11.1 percent) in 2006. [4], In the 2018 census, the largest reported Christian affiliations are Anglican (6.7 percent of the population), Roman Catholic (6.3 percent), Presbyterian (4.7 percent). [8], Unemployment peaked above 10 percent in 1991 and 1992,[117] before falling to a record low of 3.7 percent in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations). This region is also the fastest growing, accounting for 46 percent of New Zealand's total population growth. [102] In the 2018 census, 3,699 Māori still identify themselves as adhering to "Māori religions, beliefs and philosophies". English has long been entrenched as a de facto national language due to its widespread use. [47] Applicants with a job offer from an accredited New Zealand employer, cultural or sporting talent, looking for work where there has been a long-term skill shortage or to establish a business can apply for work to residency. New Zealanders, also called Kiwis, are a social people who believe in basic politeness and hospitality to all. [92] Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16[93] with most children starting at 5. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent,[97] and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification. The second-largest was Ngāti Porou, with 71,049 people (down 1.2 percent from 2006). [91], In July 2019[update] there were 476,240 primary students, 278,266 secondary students, and 58,340 students attending composite (combined primary and secondary) schools. The most serious health, housing, educational and welfare service problems are associated with non-English-speaking migrants from the Pacific, rather than migrants from Europe or Asia. Disease, violence and displacement greatly reduced the Māori population, and by the 1890s their numbers had declined to about 40 per cent of the pre-contact population size. Random House. Again, there have been a number of departures … [41], At the 2018 census, 27.4 percent of people counted were not born in New Zealand, up from 25.2 percent in 2013. A total of 110,928 people (or 18.5 percent) of Māori descent did not know their iwi (an increase of 8.4 percent compared with 2006). The Asian population of New Zealand is also growing, from 6.6 per cent of the population in 2001 to 11.8 per cent in 2013, with statisticians indicating that should current trends continue, the number of Asians in New Zealand will in future outnumber Māori. [82] The language underwent a revival beginning in the 1970s, and now more people speak Māori. Maaka, R., ‘The new tribe: conflicts and continuities in the social organization of urban Maori’, Contemporary Pacific, vol. 17, no. Sporadic contact in the 1840s was followed by the New Zealand wars of the 1860s in the central and west coast areas of the North Island. Four of these are currently held by the Māori Party, which was founded in 2004 in response to the passing of the Foreshore and Seabed Act in November 2004, which effectively extinguished this native title, leading to extensive public protest. Māori were the first inhabitants of New Zealand or Aotearoa, meaning ‘Land of the Long White Cloud’. Some ethnic minority groups in Britain were relatively less badly affected in the second wave of COVID-19 cases than they were in the first, a government report into the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on minorities said on Friday. The maps below (taken from 2013 census data[54]) show the percentages of people in each census area unit identifying themselves as European, Māori, Asian, or Pacific Islander (as defined by Statistics New Zealand). Auckland, 1150, New Zealand Abstract The current study examined teacher expectations of four ethnic groups in New Zealand in reading and mathematics, controlling for achievement. SINGAPORE: A brand new workgroup was arrange final month to enhance the well being of minority ethnic teams, the Ministry of Well being introduced on Friday (Mar 5). This is the lowest unemployment rate since December 2008, after the start of the global financial crisis, when it was 4.4 percent. Remote rural areas with a density of less than 1 person per square kilometre account for about 14 percent of the rural population.[30]. Mutu, M., ‘Maori issues’, Contemporary Pacific, vol. Between 1945 and 1970 the annual rate of population growth increased significantly following a higher birth rate and considerable immigration. There is also a growing Asian population who, through migration in recent decades, comprise a significant and growing proportion of the population. (see Gender pay gap in New Zealand)[115] The highest median personal income were for people identifying with the European or "other" ethnic group, while the lowest was from the Asian ethnic group. Although the earlier culture of the Māori displayed social stratification, the classes relatively disappeared with influence and interaction with other cultures. Most New Zealanders earn wage or salary income, with a median personal income in 2013 of NZ$28,500. espite significant gains in recent years, Māori continue to have the poorest health outcomes, Māori infants die more frequently from SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), have lower birth weight than non-Māori and also experience higher rates of illness. In the early 21st century, Asians were the fastest-growing demographic group. The median income for people identifying as Māori was $20,900. In 2002 the government officially apologised to the Chinese community for historic grievances, especially the imposition of a poll tax that the first wave of Chinese migrants had endured at the end of the nineteenth and start of the twentieth century. Campaigners demand black, Asian and minority ethnic groups have higher priority for vaccination Sarah Boseley Health editor and Aamna Mohdin Community affairs correspondent The new … The next largest ethnic block in New Zealand are Asians at 15.1 percent of New Zealand's population. Ngāi Tahu was the largest in the South Island and the third-largest overall, with a count of 54,819 people (an increase of 11.4 percent from 2006). [54] Heightened immigration from Asia and the Pacific,[43] and recent increases in interracial marriages have resulted in the population of Māori, Asian and Pacific Islander descent growing at a higher rate than those of European descent. 311–36. The Māori loanword "Pākehā" usually refers to New Zealanders of European descent, although some reject this appellation,[11][12] and some Māori use it to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders. Eldred-Grigg. [4] Immigration and associated demographic change in recent decades has contributed to the growth of minority religions,[103] especially Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. Rural areas with moderate urban influence and a population density of about 6.5 people per square kilometre account for 26 percent of the rural population. [13] Most people born in New Zealand or one of the realm's external territories (Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue) before 2006 are New Zealand citizens. In 2008–09, a target of 45,000 migrants was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service (plus a 5,000 tolerance). Amnesty International Website: www.amnesty.org.nz, New Zealand Federation of Multicultural Councils Website: https://multiculturalnz.org.nz, Federation of Māori Authorities Website: www.foma.org.nz, Māori Women’s Welfare League Website: www.mwwl.org.nz. other New Zealanders. For instance, together Māori and Pacific Islanders are three times more likely to. Diggers, Hatters and Whores.p 197-198. [51][52] A common pathway for New Zealanders to move to the UK is through a job offer via the Tier 2 (General) visa, which grants a 3-year initial stay in the country and can later be extended with three more years. Net im… Due to high birth rates, it is estimated that Pacific peoples will amount to 10 per cent of the population by 2026, up from 6.5 per cent in 2001. For instance, together Māori and Pacific Islanders are three times more likely to develop diabetes than other New Zealanders. There was considerable settlement before New Zealand officially became part of the British Empire in 1840. [121] Home ownership has declined since 1991, from 73.8 percent to 66.9 percent in 2006.[122]. Data from Minister of Covid-19 … [88] Many places have officially been given dual Māori and English names in recent years. As people could identify themselves with multiple groups, percentages are not cumulative. When completing the census people could select more than one ethnic group. [58], Statistics New Zealand has not released official statistical counts of Māori iwi (tribes) from the 2018 census due to a low response rate. Under its charismatic leader, Winston Peters, a part Maori politician, it also challenged the Waitangi Tribunal, the commission of inquiry set up in 1975 to adjudicate claims made by Māori in relation to grievances extending back to the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. [55] In the nineteenth century, European settlers brought diseases for which the Māori had no immunity. , meaning ‘Land of the Long White Cloud’. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation.[25]. The remote Chatham Islands have a distinct legislative status. English, Scots, Irish and Welsh migrants displayed cultural, regional and religious differences, and their histories in Britain were marked by divisions and conflict. SINGAPORE: A new workgroup was set up last month to improve the health of minority ethnic groups, the Ministry of Health announced on Friday (Mar 5). In Māori populations the median age is 26 and fertility rate 2.8. Discrimination against Asians in the labour market has resulted in them disproportionately occupying low-paying employment.
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