Why indirect rule succeeded in Northern Nigeria, SEE REASONS HERE. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . Your email address will not be published. This was many times more the population of most African countries then. It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. >> (eds. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. Such arrangement would inter alia breed neglect, frustration and aggression; no thanks to the red-tape inherent in unitarism. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . The Plural nature of Nigeria. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB What a nice article, very educative for students in school, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Could you please explain fear of minorities, Economic factors and Diversities in culture. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. welcome, and thanks for reading us. Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. >> Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. politicization of ethnicity or the ethnicization of the politics of state creation that Nigeria has witnessed in recent years. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. Resource control: 3.7 7. Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. Your email address will not be published. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. In some areas where major communal or other social antagonism cuts across territorial boundaries, ranging through all the federating units, communities or classes have been driven to seek to protect or strengthen their position by inter-territorial union. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's Best information base for latest information both national and international. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br 2023, Bscholarly LLC. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . 1. Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. /F5 18 0 R This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. It is on this footing, herewith, that one can properly understand the rational for, and theory of federalism, what and why certain trends theme up federal-state relations in Nigeria, and the features of federal-state relations in Nigeria. From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. Fiscal Federalism and Democratic Governance in Nigeria - I. O. Taiwo 2004 We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. Each state has the same level of self-governance. ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . /Height 235 endobj Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. There must exist supremacy of the constitution, which implies that laws passed by the authority in the federal arrangement, if contrary to the constitution shall be declared to be ultra votes. /Type /XObject The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. He rejects the assertion that These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria. Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. It is our pleasure. Since a strong bond links the process through which constitutions are produced and their degree of acceptance and effectiveness, questions over the Constitutions legitimacy prompted parliament to amend it in 2010. From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. What is federalism? Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. Post-independence creation of states and further division of states created after independence was done as a framework for the development of Nigeria. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. Moreover, The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. Your email address will not be published. This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. Indeed, whatever scholarly connotations they bear, one strongly believes that they all enjoy one clear focus. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Historical experience 3.2 2. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. a system of state organization, to bring a workable polity with a just moral order is the reason why states adopt or should adopt federalism. . 3. The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. << % It also shows the growth rate as an engine to the development of economies of developing countries like Nigeria in this 21p century. Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. The Emergence of Nigeria as a political entity under colonial rule was not an easy affair. READ ALSO: Reasons for political apathy in Nigeria, Get the hottest stories from the largest news site in Nigeria. Email Address. Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. /Parent 2 0 R The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your .