[192] In foreign policy, Key announced the withdrawal of New Zealand Defence Force personnel from their deployment in the war in Afghanistan, and signed the Wellington Declaration with the United States. [26] In 1835 the country's first successful printing was two books from the Bible produced by Church Missionary Society printer William Colenso, translated into Māori by the Rev. The Musket Wars. [136] Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage proclaimed that: "Social Justice must be the guiding principle and economic organization must adapt itself to social needs. After the war, women left traditional male occupations and many women gave up paid employment to return home. Many men were hostile however, and she was defeated for re-election. National Prime Minister Sidney Holland called a snap election as a result of the 1951 waterfront dispute, an incident that reinforced National's dominance and severely weakened the union movement. Ian Hunter, "Risk, Persistence, and Focus: A Lifecycle of the Entrepreneur". "[166], The economic reforms were led by finance minister Roger Douglas (1984–1988). Christchurch was founded by the Canterbury Association, which was formed in [77] The country lost people through emigration, mostly to Australia. [193], A Labour-led coalition Government was formed in October 2017. Wellingtonhas a long and colourful history. [127][128], New Zealand forces captured Western Samoa from Germany in the early stages of the war,[125] and New Zealand administered the country until Samoan Independence in 1962. The first settlers probably arrived from Polynesia between 1200 and 1300 AD. [80] Middle-class women employed the media (especially newspapers) to communicate with each other and define their priorities. It established British law in New Zealand and is considered New Zealand’s founding document and an important part of the country's history. New Zealand was first discovered by the Dutch mariner, Abel Tasman, on 14th June, 1643. Despite New Zealand's immigration liberalisation in the 1980s, Britons are still the largest group of migrants to New Zealand, due in part to recent immigration law changes which privilege fluent speakers of English. [108] In 1893 it extended voting rights to women, making New Zealand the first country in the world to enact universal female suffrage. As with all names, after a bit of research and reading, an interesting history emerges and tells you more about the country than a … Education was not a requirement and many children did not attend any school, especially farm children whose labour was important to the family economy. [155] Robert Muldoon, Prime Minister from 1975 to 1984, and his Third National Government responded to the crises of the 1970s by attempting to preserve the New Zealand of the 1950s. 1947 – New Zealand becomes an independent country through the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act. Richard Seddon had proclaimed the goal as early as 1884: "It is the rich and the poor; it is the wealthy and the landowners against the middle and labouring classes. In response to increased petitioning for self-governance from the growing number of British settlers, the British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, setting up a central government with an elected General Assembly (Parliament) and six provincial governments. [138], In foreign policy, the Labour Party in power after 1935 disliked the Versailles Treaty of 1919 as too harsh on Germany, opposed militarism and arms build-ups, distrusted the political conservatism of the National Government in Britain, sympathized with the Soviet Union, and increasingly worried about threats from Japan. 1 decade ago. New Zealand is given self-government. [31] Many European settlers bought land from Māori, but misunderstanding and different concepts of land ownership led to conflict and bitterness. Prohibition had a majority in a national referendum in 1911, but needed a 60% majority to pass. New Zealand's largest city was hurriedly placed into a three-day lockdown on Sunday after three unexplained virus cases were found. Due to his conviction and three-year imprisonment for abducting an heiress, his role in forming the New Zealand Company was necessarily out of sight from the public. Independence 1947 - New Zealand gains full independence from Britain. New Zealand (known as Aotearoa in the Māori language) is an island country in Oceania. These settlements had access to some of the richest plains in the country and after refrigerated ships appeared in 1882, they developed into closely settled regions of small-scale farming. [116], During this era (c. 1880 – c. 1914) the banking system was weak and there was little foreign investment, so businessmen had to build up their own capital. For example, tourism ventures were established by Te Arawa around Rotorua. Christchurch, city, Canterbury regional council, eastern South Island, New Zealand, on the Avon River. Distinctive New Zealand obsidian, a glassy volcanic rock used for cutting, is found in archaeological sites on the Kermadecs, and may have been carried there by returning voyagers. The key component was the office of the high commissioner. [206][207], Map of the New Zealand coastline as Cook charted it on his, This in the context of British trade with China and the lead up to the, Michael King, "The Penguin History of New Zealand" (2003) pp 171–172. The Reform Party and the United Party merged to become the National Party, and would be Labour's main rival in future years. New Zealand depended on Britain's Royal Navy for its military security during the 1920s and 1930s. Its closest neighbour is Australia, more than 1,600 kilometres to the north-west. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the 19th century and into the early part of the next century. By the 1840s, however, large scale sheep stations were exporting large quantities of wool to the textile mills of England. 1997 – Jennifer Shipley becomes the country’s first female Prime Minister. Distinctive New Zealand obsidian, a glassy volcanic rock used for cutting, is found in archaeological sites on the Kermadecs, and may have been carried there by returning voyagers. The government bought practically all the useful land, then resold it to the New Zealand Company, which promoted immigration, or leased it for sheep runs. The country's economy suffered in the aftermath of the 1973 global energy crisis, the loss of New Zealand's biggest export market upon Britain's entry to the European Economic Community, and rampant inflation. They were motivated partly by the thought that an alliance with the government would benefit them, and partly by old feuds with the iwi they fought against. According to the future Governor, Captain Arthur Phillip's amended Commission, dated 25 April 1787 the colony of New South Wales included "all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean within the latitudes of 10°37'S and 43°39'S" which included most of New Zealand except for the southern half of the South Island. However, his successor, George Grey, promoted rapid cultural assimilation and reduction of the land-ownership, influence and rights of the Māori. They also cultivated the cabbage tree, a plant endemic to New Zealand, and exploited wild foods such as fern root, which provided a starchy paste. In a notable incident, Wenqing Li, known as Wendy pleaded guilty at the Manukau district court to two different charges of violating biosecurity laws and attempting to smuggle plants from China. All men in New Zealand are given the vote. The first European to sight New Zealand was Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. By 1950 it was the main line of communications between the British and New Zealand governments. The market for land seized up. After 1880 immigration reduced, and growth was due chiefly to the excess of births over deaths. 1881. Kiri Te Kanawa, a New Zealand soprano singer, found considerable success in portraying royal characters on stage. From missionaries, the Māori learnt not just about Christianity but also about European farming practices and trades, and how to read and write. The women argued that women-hood (thanks to motherhood) was the repository of superior moral values and concerns and from their domestic experience they knew best how to resolve conflicts. In 1953 New Zealanders took pride that a countryman, Edmund Hillary, gave Queen Elizabeth II a coronation gift by reaching the summit of Mount Everest. It won about 25% of the vote. Not long after, New Zealand was the first country to offer state pensions and, in the late 1930s, state housing for workers. It has two main islands, North Island and South Island. [191] Key became Prime Minister of the Fifth National Government which entered government at the beginning of the late-2000s recession. In order to increase production, alongside a more intensive use of factor inputs a transformation of production techniques was necessary. It is made up of two large islands (the North Island and the South Island) and many smaller islands. In 1870 Julius Vogel introduced his grand go-ahead policy to dispel the slump with increased immigration and overseas borrowing to fund new railways, roads and telegraph lines. Japan had no interest in New Zealand in the first place; it had already over-reached when it invaded New Guinea in 1942. This was not possible in the south of the South Island, but wild plants such as fernroot were often available and cabbage trees were harvested and cultivated for food. Some innovations did take place, for example the Closer Economic Relations (CER) free-trade programme with Australia to liberalise trade, starting in 1982. It was the last and most successful colonizing project inspired by Edward Gibbon Wakefield and his New Zealand Company. Some iwi sided with the government and, later, fought with the government. The tax on high incomes was cut in half from 65% to 33%. [95], In the 1870s and 1880s, several thousand Chinese men, mostly from Guangdong, migrated to New Zealand to work on the South Island goldfields. Māori chiefs were motivated by a desire for protection from foreign powers, for the establishment of governorship over European settlers and traders in New Zealand, and for allowing wider European settlement that would increase trade and prosperity for Māori. Kiri Te Kanawa, a New Zealand soprano singer, found considerable success in portraying royal characters on stage. [165] A political scientist reports: "Between 1984 and 1993, New Zealand underwent radical economic reform, moving from what had probably been the most protected, regulated and state-dominated system of any capitalist democracy to an extreme position at the open, competitive, free-market end of the spectrum. In 1645 Dutch cartographers changed the name to Nova Zeelandia in Latin, from Nieuw Zeeland, after the Dutch province of Zeeland.[16]. New Zealand has been shaped by volcanic activity and some of its volcanoes are still active. [157] The shift to the cities was also caused by their strong birth rates in the early 20th century, with the existing rural farms in Māori ownership having increasing difficulty in providing enough jobs. Jerome Spencer founded the New Zealand Federation of Women's Institutes began in Hawke's Bay 100 years ago after she was inspired by the Women's Institute of … Gosh people are lazy these days. The effects of European infectious diseases,[3] the New Zealand Wars and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from Māori to Pākehā (European) ownership, and Māori became impoverished. [33] As a result, guns became very valuable and Māori would trade huge quantities of goods for a single musket. In the 1840s european settlers began to arrive and colonise the region. [113][114], In the 1880s, New Zealand's economy grew from one based on wool and local trade to the export of wool, cheese, butter and frozen beef and mutton to Britain. There is public debate about whether New Zealand should become a republic, and public sentiment is divided on the issue. In the last decades of the century, most iwi lost substantial amounts of land through the activities of the Native Land Court. [162] In the 1984 elections Labour promised to calm down the increasing tensions, while making no specific promises; it scored a landslide victory. Some 400,000 settlers came from Britain, of whom 300,000 stayed permanently. Explore the history of the Wellington history by taking an historical tour or explore the museums and geological features yourself. Māori were the first to arrive in New Zealand, journeying in canoes from Hawaiki about 1,000 years ago. Winston Raymond Peters PC is a New Zealand politician and leader of New Zealand First, a political party he founded in 1993. The country was most affected around 1930–1932, when average farm incomes for a short time dipped below zero, and the unemployment rate peaked. High finance was partly deregulated. 1877. [55] [74] Successive governments expanded the program with offices across Britain that enticed settlers and gave them and their families one-way tickets.[75]. Disputes over the differing translations of the Treaty and settler desire to acquire land from Māori led to the New Zealand Wars from 1843. Because of the vast distances involved, the first settlers were self-sufficient farmers. In areas where it was possible to grow taro and kūmara, horticulture became more important. Trans Tasman Rivalry Australia Versus New Zealand - New Trivia Game - instant answers on link - Australia or New Zealand Test your Knowledge - Click to play - Multi choice answers... MAD on New Zealand - "Memories Start Here” - A New Zealand Web Site for New Zealand Content [109], New Zealand gained international attention for its reforms, especially how the state regulated labour relations. [98], Scottish immigrants dominated the South Island and evolved ways to bridge the old homeland and the new. [53], Britain was motivated by the desire to forestall the New Zealand Company and other European powers (France established a very small settlement at Akaroa in the South Island later in 1840), to facilitate settlement by British subjects and, possibly, to end the lawlessness of European (predominantly British and American) whalers, sealers and traders. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between representatives of the United Kingdom and various Māori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving Māori the same rights as British subjects. His only encounter with Māori ended badly, with four of his crew killed and Māori fired upon in retaliation. The New Zealand Company settlement of Port Nicholson had its own elected council, which was forcibly dissolved by Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson in 1840. The successful strategy was to deploy capital economising techniques, and reinvesting profits rather than borrowing. Typical occupations in relief work included road work (undertaken by 45% of all part-time and 19% of all full-time relief workers in 1934, with park improvement works (17%) and farm work (31%) being the other two most common types of work for part-time and full-time relief workers respectively). The history of New Zealand dates back approximately 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture. Though actual unemployment numbers were not officially counted, the country was affected especially strongly in the North Island. [73] With an economy based on agriculture, the landscape was transformed from forest to farmland. Its picturesque Gothic-revival architecture and early demographic composition earned Christchurch a reputation as the most English of New Zealand’s cities. By 1903 the Liberals were so dominant that there was no longer an organised opposition in Parliament. [160], The country's economy suffered in the aftermath of the 1973 global energy crisis, the loss of New Zealand's biggest export market upon Britain's entry to the European Economic Community, and rampant inflation. [164] In power from 1984 to 1990, the Labour government launched a major policy of restructuring the economy, radically reducing the role of government. [179] New Zealand's first MMP election was held in 1996. Parsons, Gwen. Thereafter it was successively a crown colony, a self-governing colony (1856), and a dominion (1907). [151] New immigrants, still mainly British, flooded in while New Zealand remained prosperous by exporting farm products to Britain. [119] New Zealand instead changed from being a colony to a separate "Dominion" in 1907, equal in status to Australia and Canada. [161], Muldoon's conservatism and antagonistic style exacerbated an atmosphere of conflict in New Zealand, most violently expressed during the 1981 Springbok Tour. Women also increasingly registered as unemployed, while Māori received government help through other channels such as the land-development schemes organised by Sir Āpirana Ngata, who served as Minister of Native Affairs from 1928 to 1934. [1] In 1643 he charted the west coast of the North Island, his expedition then sailed back to Batavia without setting foot on New Zealand soil. James Cook carried the Word of God to New Zealand with many records confirming his … Signed in 1840, the Treaty of Waitangi is an agreement between the British Crown and Maori. Robert Side in another answer has provided good information on some theories. The Advances to Settlers Act of 1894 provided low-interest mortgages, while the Agriculture Department disseminated information on the best farming methods. Now only the government was allowed to purchase land from Māori, who received cash. [50] In reaction to the New Zealand Company's moves, on 15 June 1839 the issue of new Letters Patent expanded the territory of New South Wales to include all of New Zealand. As elsewhere in the Pacific, cannibalism was part of warfare.[15]. [46] Busby was provided with neither legal authority nor military support and was thus ineffective in controlling the Pākehā (European) population.[47]. From the 1950s Māori began moving to the cities in large numbers, and Māori culture underwent a renaissance. Advertisement. Erik Olssen, "Mr. Wakefield and New Zealand as an Experiment in Post-Enlightenment Experimental Practice". To view cookie details and how to opt-out, please see our Cookie Policy. [104] Māori still owned five million acres by 1920; they leased three million acres and used one million acres for themselves. A record number of immigrants arrived in 1874 (32,000 of the 44,000 were government assisted) and the population rose from 248,000 in 1870 to 399,000 in 1876. William Williams. In This Section. 1997 – Jennifer Shipley becomes the country’s first female Prime Minister. Competition for land was one important cause of the New Zealand Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, in which the Taranaki and Waikato regions were invaded by colonial troops and Māori of these regions had some of their land taken from them. 1 decade ago. What a lot of people don’t know – both tourists and Kiwis themselves – is how the country came to be called New Zealand. As the gold boom ended, Colonial Treasurer and later (from 1873) Premier Julius Vogel borrowed money from British investors and launched in 1870 an ambitious programme of public works and infrastructure investment, together with a policy of assisted immigration. Historians have debated whether the "long depression" of the late 19th century stifled investment, but the New Zealanders found a way around adverse conditions. Genetic and archaeological evidence suggests that humans emigrated from Taiwan via southeast Asia to Melanesia and then radiated eastwards into the Pacific in pulses and waves of discovery which gradually colonised islands from Samoa and Tonga all the way to Hawaii, the Marquesas, Easter Island, the Society Islands and, finally, New Zealand.
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