The new constitution called for a single parliamentary legislature, the Assembly of the Republic. Between 1945-74, however, three generations of right-wing militants in Portuguese schools were guided by a revolutionary nationalism partially influenced by European neo-fascism. In the aftermath of the revolution, a new constitution was drafted, censorship was prohibited, free speech was permitted, political prisoners were released and the Portuguese overseas territories in sub-Saharan Africa were granted independence. Strikes had been met by brutal force under the fascist regime but lack of experience proved no deterrent to the Portuguese working class. The Catholic Church, however, still sought to impede other missionary activity. The international community censured the Estado Novo regime for refusing to grant independence to its colonies in Africa. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Marshall, Michael William. Its escalation led to the mutiny of FAP in the Carnation Revolution. These changes evolved during (and after) a two-year transitional period known as Processo Revolucionário Em Curso (PREC, Ongoing Revolutionary Process), which was characterised by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. They arranged occupations of property for use as free crèches, workers' centres and for other community services. The MFA gave the signals to take over strategic points of power in the country. The Portuguese constitution was rewritten in 1976 AD to accommodate both socialist and communist p… 25 April marks 45 years of the "Carnation Revolution" in Portugal 1974-75, which brought down the hated dictatorship and opened a revolution that threatened the foundations of the capitalist system. The Carnation Revolution also led to Portugal's withdrawal from East Timor in south-east Asia. The land was worked collectively and owned by the village as a whole. President Tomás invited Marcello Caetano, one of the architects of the New State, to form a government, but Salazar was never informed of this transition. Another assembly, held without union officials, drew up a list of demands including the purging of staff who showed "anti-working class attitudes", wage increases and the right to reconsider collective contracts whenever the workers pleased. During the war, Portugal faced increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other international sanctions. This stage of the PREC lasted until the 25 November 1975 pro-communist coup, which was followed by a successful counter-coup by moderates, and was marked by constant friction between liberal-democratic forces and leftist-communist political parties. After the revolution workers immediately began struggling against the … The military ordered them out but were forced to back down when the families refused. Several military officers who opposed the war formed the MFA to overthrow the government in a military coup. ▶ Bookmark articles to your own reading list Millions of Angolans died in the aftermath of independence due to armed conflict, malnutrition and disease. He adopted a slogan of "continuous evolution", suggesting reforms of Salazar's system. The housing organisations faced some of the same problems experienced by the workers' organisations. On April 25th, 1974, a radical faction within the Portuguese Armed Forces, the MFA, revolted against the government. Anywhere from a dozen to several hundred workers would take to running the businesses themselves. Angola began a decades-long civil war which involved the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa, and the United States. La révolution des Œillets (Revolução dos Cravos en portugais), également surnommée le 25 avril (25 de Abril en portugais) est le nom donné aux événements d'avril 1974 qui ont entraîné la chute de la dictature salazariste qui dominait le Portugal depuis 1933.Elle doit son nom à l'œillet rouge que les conjurés portaient à leur boutonnière en signe de ralliement [2]. The government, afraid of people's anger, decreed a rent freeze and allocated money and tax exemptions to builders. Delegates from major industries, and soldiers' and sailors' committees, met with a large contingent of PRP members. ]; the opposition used the limited political freedoms allowed during the brief election period to protest against the regime, withdrawing their candidates before the election to deny the regime political legitimacy. Although PIDE (the Estado Novo's political police) killed four people before surrendering, the revolution was unusual because the revolutionaries did not use violence to achieve their goals. The revolution changed the government to a democracy and produced enormous social, economic, territorial, demographic and political changes. Ordinary people, in contrast, used the situation to improve social conditions in their communities and workplaces through new autonomous organisations. Land Occupations 150,000 people lived in shanty towns, one million had emigrated and infant mortality was nearly 8.5%. Luckily, there's a range of ways you can filter the library content to suit your needs, from casual browsing to researching a particular topic. Workers found the need for more democratic and independent ways of organising. Portugal had a taste of democracy in 1969, and Caetano authorised the country's first democratic labour-union movement since the 1920s. By the end of the Salazar period in 1968 it had risen to 48 percent, and in 1973 it had reached 56.4 percent; the percentages were affected by the 40 percent of the budget which underwrote the African wars). It is speculated that Francisco da Costa Gomes actually led the revolution. Many Portuguese streets and squares are named vinte e cinco de Abril, for the day of the revolution. [36], Real gross domestic product growth resumed as a result of Portugal's economic resurgence since 1985. After a long period of one-party rule, Guinea-Bissau experienced a brief civil war and a difficult transition to civilian rule in 1998. Although part of Guinea-Bissau became independent de facto in 1973, Bissau (its capital) and the large towns were still under Portuguese control. The election renewed all 263 members of the Assembly of the Republic. [citation needed] Labour unions were prohibited, and minimum wage laws were not enforced. Watchtower, 7 January 1999. pp. View on timesmachine. Portuguese economic growth between 1960 and 1973 (under the Estado Novo regime) created an opportunity for integration with the developed economies of Western Europe despite the colonial war. The parties all used the situation to gain political power in the government. Whether the MFA was left or right wing inclined was unclear at the time. They had to make a profit and members received different wages. [citation needed] The war in the colonies was becoming increasingly unpopular in Portugal, and the military insurgency gained momentum. No need to register, buy now! This showed their very limited idea of what workers are capable of. Portugal joined the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor to the European Union (EU), in 1986. On May 2, 1974 an assembly of TAP workers demanded the purging of all fascists in the company and the election of union representatives to the administration council, which was in effect a council for the bosses. Other workers, armed with pickaxes, arrived in trucks to aid the agricultural labourers and at the end of it over ten major farms were collectivised. [3] The military-led coup returned democracy to Portugal, ending the unpopular Colonial War (in which thousands of Portuguese citizens had been conscripted into military service) and replacing the Estado Novo regime and its secret police (which curbed civil liberties and political freedom). Portugal is a founding member of NATO and an EU member. With Rui Paulo da Cruz, José Mário Branco, Álvaro Cunhal, António de Spínola. Portugal was the most underdeveloped country in Europe. If you have an ebook reader or a Kindle, check out our guide to using ebook readers with libcom.org. April 22, 2014. In the exercise of those rights and freedoms, the people's legitimate representatives are gathered to draw up a Constitution that matches the country's aspirations. Despite repeated radio appeals from the "captains of April" (the MFA) advising civilians to stay home, thousands of Portuguese took to the streets – mingling with, and supporting, the military insurgents. Portugal became a democracy with its first free elections in 1975. These people—workers, small businesspeople, and farmers—often had deep roots in the former colonies and became known as the retornados. If the self-proclaimed 'revolutionary parties' could not win enough support to get their members chosen as delegates by their workmates, they were to get seats as of right just because they called themselves "workers parties". Portuguese Diary 2: 1976 - Maurice Brinton. One of the most significant of the strikes was within TAP, the semi-state airline. The outbreak of colonial wars in Africa set off significant social changes, among them the rapid incorporation of women into the labour market. Atrocities such as the Wiriyamu Massacre undermined the war's popularity and the government's diplomatic position, although details of the massacre are still disputed. In Cabanas an abandoned farm was occupied with the help of a local neighbourhood committee. The unrest forced the Salazar and Caetano regimes to spend more of Portugal's budget on colonial administration and military expenditure, and the country became increasingly isolated from the rest of the world. Portugal's new regime pledged to end the colonial wars, and began negotiations with the African independence movements. First, Paulo de Carvalho's "E Depois do Adeus" (Portugal's entry in the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest) was aired on Emissores Associados de Lisboa at 10:55 p.m. on 24 April. By August 1975 official statistics reported that over 330 different land collectives were in operation. By the end of 1974, Portuguese troops were withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea and the latter was a UN member state. At the time 400,000 people were unemployed. In Santarem a meeting of 354 farm workers declared that a massive amount of land was to be occupied. The 25 April coup became known as the Carnation Revolution. Click here to register now. [19][31][32][33], According to government estimates, about 900,000 hectares (2,200,000 acres) of agricultural land were seized between April 1974 and December 1975 as part of land reform; about 32 percent of the appropriations were ruled illegal. It was vaguely pro-working class, talking of an economic policy "at the service of the Portuguese people, notably those sectors of the population until now the most under-privi… [37], A January 2011 story in the Diário de Notícias (a Portuguese tabloid newspaper) reported that the government of Portugal encouraged overspending and investment bubbles in public-private partnerships between 1974 and 2010, and the economy has been damaged by risky credit, public debt creation and mismanaged European structural and cohesion funds for almost four decades. Another organisation set up was the Federation of Shanty Town Committees. 150,000 people lived in shanty towns, one million had emigrated and infant mortality was nearly 8.5%. [30] The increasing burden of the war effort meant that the government had to find continuous sources of financing. Elections were rarely contested[by whom? [24] Portugal's first free election was held on 25 April 1975 to write a new constitution replacing the Constitution of 1933, which prevailed during the Estado Novo era. By the end of October 1974 there was about 2,000 of these committees. [citation needed], In February 1974, Caetano decided to remove General António de Spínola from the command of Portuguese forces in Guinea in the face of Spínola's increasing disagreement with the promotion of military officers and the direction of Portuguese colonial policy. Thousands of young men avoided conscription by emigrating illegally, primarily to France and the United States. [citation needed], Independence movements began in the African colonies of Portuguese Mozambique, Portuguese Congo, Portuguese Angola, and Portuguese Guinea. It opened on 6 August 1966 as the Salazar Bridge, named after Estado Novo leader António de Oliveira Salazar. After the revolution workers immediately began struggling against the harsh economic conditions. [5], A group of low-ranking Portuguese officers organised as the Armed Forces Movement (MFA, Movimento das Forças Armadas), including some who had fought pro-independence guerrillas in the Portuguese Empire's territories in Africa,[6] and overthrew the Estado Novo regime which had ruled Portugal since the 1930s. Its First Republic lasted only sixteen years, from 1910 to 1926. Revolution was an international force in 1968 (unlike Portugal 1974) though its high point was France in May 1968 where a geographical territory of capital's dominion was also invaded by foreign insurgents looking for real adventure, keen to experience potentially unique and stunning possibilities. If you don't have permissions to post content yet, just request it here. Left-wing activists began returning from exile, and new political parties sprouted up. At the beginning the government rarely intervened. The country's 1991 per-capita GDP reached 54.9 percent of the EEC average, slightly exceeding the level at the height of the revolutionary period. At the beginning of the 1970s, nearly a half-century of authoritarian rule weighed on Portugal. A central gathering point was the Lisbon flower market, then richly stocked with carnations (which were in season). The revolution led to independence for the remaining overseas territories, as well as the restoration of democracy after a two-year transition period. The revolution led to the fall of the Estado Novo, terminated the Portuguese Colonial War, and started a revolutionary process that would result in a democratic Portugal. [2] In Portugal, 25 April is a national holiday (Portuguese: Dia da Liberdade, Freedom Day) which commemorates the revolution. Non-Catholic conscientious objectors have the right to apply for alternative military service. Since 1933, Portugal had been governed by an authoritarian dictatorship, the Estado Novo or New State. Like the workers' councils, the co-ops were not revolutionary. The MFA was headed by Vítor Alves, Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho and Vasco Lourenço, and was joined later by Salgueiro Maia. It was here that the true revolution was fought and is of most interest to us. Though most of them were not revolutionary they were an expression of people's distrust of the 'left parties', the government and the military. The coup had two secret signals. All these struggles happened against a backdrop of six provisional governments, a few coup attempts and rumours of NATO and right-wing conspiracies. [citation needed] The country's situation has improved since the 1990s, and multi-party elections have been held. [citation needed], Portugal's Estado Novo government was initially tolerated by its NATO partners due to its anti-communist stance. When it was discovered that some of the representatives had raised their salaries the union came under a lot of criticism. By a treaty signed on 31 December 1974, Portugal recognised the incorporation of former Portuguese India into the Indian Republic. Facing a tide of dissent, both external and internal, the junta was finally swept away by the Carnation Revolution, a relatively bloodless left-wing military coup in April 1974.
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