Islam's impact was the most notable in the expansion of trade. The Goa civil code, also called the Goa Family Law, is the set of civil laws that governs the residents of the Indian state of Goa. The demolition took place in 1992 and was perpetrated by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party and organisations like Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Bajrang Dal, Vishva Hindu Parishad and Shiv Sena. [20], Diese Theosophie wurde vor allem in der Poesie stark aufgenommen. Sania Mirza, from Hyderabad, is the highest-ranked Indian woman tennis player. Islam – initially a religion for the elite The first kingdom that converted to Islam was Perlak – which is today familiar as the tsunami disaster area Aceh, also known as "Mecca's Terrace." Alle möglichen Gesellschaftsgruppen beteiligten sich an dem Aufstand und auf islamischer Seite wurden sie durch führende islamische Theologen unterstützt. Though India's contact with Islam had begun much earlier, the real push came in the 8th century when the province of Sindh was conquered. Due to persecution by the local Zaydi Shi'a ruler in Yemen, the 24th Dai, Yusuf Najmuddin ibn Sulaiman (d. 1567 CE), moved the whole administration of the Dawat (mission) to India. Viele gebildete Muslimas und Muslime siedelten sich in Pakistan an, was große Auswirkungen auf die muslimische Gesellschaft Indiens hatte. Zudem pflegten sie Musik und Poesie. Islam is the second-largest religion in India,[6] with 14.2% of the country's population or approx. Die ersten schiitischen Gruppen kamen mit den Mongolen im 13. Jahrhundert durch die Moghulherrscher aus dem Nord-westen. The Interaction of Islam and Hinduism [[123]] AN ASPECT of the cultural life of Islamic India that demands special consideration is the nature of the interaction of faith and practice that took place between Islam and Hinduism. Nach Indonesien und Pakistan ist Indien damit das Land mit der drittgrößten islamischen Gemeinschaft. Sie waren Asketen, unterhielten oft Armenküchen und waren seelsorgerlich tätig. Ibn Arabi lehrte die „Einheit alles Seins“. A massive civil war was looming by the time Mountbatten became Viceroy. The militants struck when the villagers refused demands from the gunmen to convert to Islam and prove their conversion by eating beef. Sher Khans Dynastie bezeichnet man als Sur-Dynastie (1538–1555). [60] The time period of their rule included the earliest forms of Indo-Islamic architecture,[61][62] increased growth rates in India's population and economy,[63] and the emergence of the Hindustani language. Das Mogulreich war ein von 1526 bis 1858 auf dem indischen Subkontinent bestehender muslimischer Staat. Mehr sehen » Butkara-Stupa. [73] Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status. Lieutenant General Pattiarimmal Mohamed Hariz (GOC-in-C, Southern Command: 2016–17). Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Section 2 South Asia / Handbook of Oriental Studies. aus dem Gebiet des heutigen Iran und Irak nach Nordindien. [Maj Gen Cardozo, Ian (2003). Der Islam verbreitete sich überwiegend durch Missionare, persische und afghanische Einwanderer und Eheschließungen. Bis zu 750.000 Menschen sind dabei vermutlich ums Leben gekommen. They further put to use certain scientific and mechanical formulae, which were derived by experience of other civilisations, in their constructions in India. Die Mehrheit der Muslime gehört der sunnitischen Glaubensrichtung an, aber es leben auch mehr als 20 Millionen Schiiten in Indien. Er eröffnet mit dem Buchstaben I, endet mit dem Buchstaben n und hat 31 Buchstaben insgesamt. hinduistischen Flüchtlingen auszugehen). Dennoch blieb die Situation der Muslime in Indien oft kritisch. (Handbuch der Orientalistik. Biraben, Jean-Noël (2003). The captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Srirangapatna, which began on 24 February 1784 and ended on 4 May 1799, remains the most disconsolate memory in their history. Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went.[43]. [268], In addition to the ashraf/ajlaf divide, there is also the arzal caste among Muslims,[269] who were regarded by anti-caste activists like Babasaheb Ambedkar as the equivalent of untouchables. Sie setzten daher zunehmend auf einen eigenen muslimischen Teilstaat, der in den Regionen Indiens etabliert werden sollte, in denen sie die Mehrheit bildeten. Traditional Islamic universities. Shia Muslims are a large minority among India's Muslims forming about 13% of the total Muslim population. Muhammad zog daraufhin in Delhi ein. Today, numerous theories about how India came to be such a largely Muslim land exist. Ibn Athir, Vol. 300–310, Introduction, A Historical Overview of Islam in South Asia, Islam in South Asia in Practice by Barbara D. Metcalf Princeton University Press, 2009. p. 32, Pg 252, Independent India: the first fifty years, Hiranmay Karlekar, Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Oxford University Press, 1998. Es ist umstritten, wie stark sich Sufismus und Hinduismus auf literarischer und philosophischer Ebene und auf Ebene der Volksfrömmigkeit gegenseitig beeinflusst haben.[22]. (reg. Raza Academy. Towards the right of the mihrab stands the minbar or pulpit from where the Imam presides over the proceedings. From 30 July 2010 to 10 June 2012, Dr. S. Y. Quraishi served as the Chief Election Commissioner of India. This community's belief system originates in Yemen, evolved from the Fatimid were persecuted due to their adherence to Fatimid Shia Islam – leading the shift of Dawoodi Bohra to India. Die ersten christlichen Gemeinden sollen mit den Thomaschristen ab 53 n. Chr. The first Indian mosque, Cheraman Juma Mosque, is thought to have been built in 629 CE by Malik Deenar[44] although some historians say the first mosque was in Gujarat in between 610 CE to 623 CE. [10][11][12][13][14] Islam arrived in the Indian subcontinent in the 7th century when the Arabs conquered Sindh and later arrived in North India in the 12th century via the Ghurids conquest and has since become a part of India's religious and cultural heritage. Während die britische Führung in der Indienfrage auf Grund der Popularität Gandhis zunehmend in die Defensive geriet, standen die indischen Muslime vor der Perspektive, in einem unabhängigen Indien in eine Minderheitenposition zu geraten. [182] This trend however, did not help for the anticipated security the anonymity of ghetto was thought to have provided. Daher sollte an Stelle der Moschee ein neuer hinduistischer Tempel, der Ram-Janmabhumi-Tempel erbaut werden. Islam in the Indian subcontinent. [259] The decline of Mughal power during the 17th and 18th centuries, along with the growing strength of the Sikh Empire resulted in a balance of power which protected the Sikhs from more violence. Vierter Bd. H.G. Syed Zahoor Qasim, former Director of the National Institute of Oceanography, led India's first scientific expedition to Antarctica and played a crucial role in the establishment of Dakshin Gangotri. It resulted in a struggle between the newly constituted states of India and Pakistan and displaced up to 12.5 million people with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million (most estimates of the numbers of people who crossed the boundaries between India and Pakistan in 1947 range between 10 and 12 million). [291] Indian Army's Abdul Hamid was posthumously awarded India's highest military decoration, the Param Vir Chakra, for knocking-out seven Pakistani tanks with a recoilless gun during the Battle of Asal Uttar in 1965. A holy place for all religion -"Mazar of Pir Mubarak Gazi".jpg 6,000 × 4,000; 11.79 MB [265][266] Ashrafs claim to be derived from their foreign ancestry. Published by Heidelberg, Berlin, Magbeburg : K. Vowinckel Verlag, 1942. In Nordindien propagierte Ramananda bereits im 15. )[40] This fact is corroborated by J. Sturrock in his Madras District Manuals[41] and by Haridas Bhattacharya in Cultural Heritage of India Vol. The Muhammadan Period, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. B. Der Islam in Indien ist nach dem Hinduismus die zweitgrößte Glaubensrichtung. Während seiner Regierungszeit versuchte sein Vasall, der Afghane Sher Khan, noch einmal das Sultanat von Delhi zu erneuern und vertrieb Humayun zeitweise aus Indien. Sie wurde 977 gegründet und attackierte unter Mahmud von Ghazni (998–1030) in insgesamt 17 Feldzügen das Industal, wobei die Kavallerie der Invasoren sich dem indischen Fußheer mit seinen Elefanten häufig überlegen zeigte. Von den 1,2 Milliarden Einwohnern Indiens sind 79,8 % Hindus und 14,2 % Muslime. Jh. Later in the 16th century, Tegh Bahadur became guru in 1665 and led the Sikhs until 1675. [209], Numerous temples were destroyed by Muslim conquerors. Bayezid Ansaris Lehre ähnelte sehr dem Sufismus; Charakteristikum war das meditative Gottgedenken und die Fürsorge für die Armen. [97], Muslim populations (top 5 countries) Est. A former ascetic was charged by Gobind Singh with the duty of punishing those who had persecuted the Sikhs. There are several well established Muslim institutions in India. Christentum in Indien. Das gelang, weil er und seine Nachfolger, die „Mahdawis“, ein mustergültiges und ganz an der Scharia orientiertes Leben führten. Once the Islamic empire was established in India, Sufis invariably provided a touch of colour and beauty to what might have otherwise been rather cold and stark reigns. Damit begründete Babur das Mogulreich, das bis zur britischen Herrschaft Bestand haben sollte. Sufism is a mystical dimension of Islam, often complementary with the legalistic path of the sharia had a profound impact on the growth of Islam in India. Akbar sandte seinen besten General Raja Man Singh in den Nordwesten Indiens, um die Raushaniyya niederzuschlagen, aber es dauerte bis 1600, bis die Moguln dieses Gebiet endgültig erobert hatten. [151], The religious administration of each state is headed by the Mufti of the State under the supervision of the Grand Mufti of India, the most senior, most influential religious authority and spiritual leader of Muslims in India. [9] Nach der Eroberung der nordwestlichen Teile Indiens wurden die dort lebenden Hindus zu Schutzbefohlenen erklärt. The violence began late in the evening and continued throughout the night into the next morning. Angesichts der komplexen geschichtlichen Entwicklung war eine entsprechende Grenze nicht eindeutig zu ziehen und die Pläne trafen auch auf den Widerstand der Hindus, sodass Ali Jinnah und seine Muslimliga im Jahre 1936 beschlossen, jede Zusammenarbeit mit dem INC aufzukündigen. Historians Elliot and Dowson say in their book The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians, that the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 CE. Jh. [206] Others argue that, during the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Indian-origin religions experienced persecution from various Muslim conquerors[207] who massacred Hindus, Jains and Buddhists, attacked temples and monasteries, and forced conversions on the battlefield.[208]. Gleichzeitig kam es zu einer Abwertung islamischer Bildungseinrichtungen, wie den Madrasen, welche durch das Macauley Edikt, die Einführung des Englischen anstelle des Persischen als offizielle Amtssprache, 1837 noch verstärkt wurde. Such use of scientific principles helped not only in obtaining greater strength and stability of the construction materials but also provided greater flexibility to the architects and builders. New elements were introduced into the Indian architecture that include: use of shapes (instead of natural forms); inscriptional art using decorative lettering or calligraphy; inlay decoration and use of coloured marble, painted plaster and brightly coloured glazed tiles. The concept of arch or dome was not invented by the Muslims but was, in fact, borrowed and further perfected by them from the architectural styles of the post-Roman period. [5][6], Im Gefolge der Islamischen Expansion und dem Sieg der Araber über das Perserreich der Sassaniden führte Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah des umayyadischen Kalifats im Jahre 664, bereits 32 Jahre nach dem Tod Mohammeds, den ersten Vorstoß nach Multan, damals auch bekannt als die „Stadt aus Gold“. Diese Entwicklung resultierte aus einem starken persischen Einfluss. Jh. Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan is an Indian Muslim women's organisation in India. 1940 stellte Ali Jinnah daraufhin eine Pakistan-Resolution vor, in der er von der Kolonialregierung die Unabhängigkeit eines muslimischen Staates in Indien neben einem hinduistischen einforderte. Some of the best known film directors of Indian cinema include Mehboob Khan, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, Kamal Amrohi, K. Asif and the Abbas–Mustan duo. [193] Influential Muslim lobbies in India have regularly insisted that the Hajj subsidy should be phased out as it is un-Islamic. Moulai Yaqoob was the first person of Indian origin to receive this honour under the Dā'ī. Article 44 of the constitution recommends a uniform civil code. 1971 Ker 206). Einwohnern Indiens sind 80,5 % Hindus und 13,4 % (135,5 Millionen) Muslime. Frühzeitig machten sich aber innerhalb der Unabhängigkeitsbewegung auch die alten hinduistisch-muslimischen Gegensätze geltend, so während des Moplah-Aufstandes von 1921, bei dem in Kerala mehrere Tausend Muslime und Hindus ums Leben kamen. Er selbst hielt sich für den versprochenen Mahdi, lehnte teilweise islamische Rituale und Glaubensformen, wie beispielsweise die Vorstellung des Jüngsten Gerichts, ab und proklamierte ein fortdauerndes Prophetentum. Some sources claim there were approximately 2,000 Muslim deaths. Used; paperback; First; Condition Very good paperback copy; edges very slightly dust-dulled and nicked. Ab den 1990er Jahren hat sich diese Situation mit dem Aufkommen von Parteien, die speziell an die niederen Kasten und Unterprivilegierten, zu denen vielfach auch die Muslime gezählt wurden, appellierten, graduell geändert. In places like Gujarat, riots and alienation of Muslims have led to large scale ghettoisation of the community. Refugees of every south Asian faith are eligible – every faith, that is, except Islam. [34] Im gleichen Jahr forderten sowohl INC als auch Muslimliga im Pakt von Lucknow von den Briten unmissverständlich die Autonomie für Indien, zumal indische Truppen einen nicht unwesentlichen Beitrag am Sieg der Alliierten im Ersten Weltkrieg leisteten.[35]. [46] Intensive missionary activities were carried out along the coast and many other natives embraced Islam. 1981 Census: * Parts of Assam were not included in the 1981 Census Data due to violence in some districts. [139] Ahmadis claim the Ahmadiyya movement to embody the latter day revival of Islam and the movement has also been seen to have emerged as an Islamic religious response to the Christian and Arya Samaj missionary activity that was widespread in 19th century India. Showing page 1. They come from many sources and are not checked. There is a vast body of literature on Islam in Tamil composed over almost a thousand years. Seit seiner Einführung in Indien hat der Islam zahlreiche Beiträge zur Kultur und zum sozialen wie politischen Leben Indiens beigetragen. Islamic architecture in India can be classified into three sections: Delhi or the imperial style (1191 to 1557 CE); the provincial style, encompassing the surrounding areas like Ahmedabad, Jaunpur and the Deccan; and the Mughal architecture style (1526 to 1707 CE). The partition agreement also included the division of Indian government assets, including the Indian Civil Service, the Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian railways and the central treasury, and other administrative services. Ghettoisation among Indian Muslims began in the mid-1970s when first communal riots occurred. Nachdem er 1206 einem Mordanschlag zum Opfer gefallen war, konnte sein General und Statthalter Qutb-ud-Din Aibak die indischen Eroberungen behaupten; aus Aibaks Herrschaft ging wenig später das Sultanat von Delhi hervor. Data indicates that the castes among Muslims have never been as rigid as that among Hindus. Allerdings blieben diese Bemühungen episodisch und wurden selbst von Aurangzeb politisch nicht durchgesetzt. 1556–1605). The Indian constitution provides equal rights to all citizens irrespective of their religion. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 4. Zu einer Verschärfung des muslimisch-hinduistischen Gegensatzes kam es unter Aurangzeb, der 1657 seinen Vater Shah Jahan stürzte und als gläubiger Muslim eine Politik der Intoleranz verfolgte. [243], In 2004, several Indian school textbooks were scrapped by the National Council of Educational Research and Training after they were found to be loaded with anti-Muslim prejudice. Eaton, Richard M. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. The newly formed governments were completely unequipped to deal with migrations of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the border. Prominent Indian bureaucrats and diplomats include Abid Hussain, Ali Yavar Jung and Asaf Ali. Currently, India has the third largest population of Muslims in the world, after Indonesia and Pakistan.. Islam in India has had a fascinating, and powerful impact. [146][147] There is no legislation that declares Ahmadis non-Muslims or limits their activities,[147] but they are not allowed to sit on the All India Muslim Personal Law Board, a body of religious leaders India's government recognises as representative of Indian Muslims. Dazu gehört die Schule von Deoband, gegründet 1867, die Ahl-i Hadith Bewegung von 1964, und die Barelwis. Dem Mogulreich gelang es, eine stabilere Herrschaft als die des Sultanats von Delhi zu errichten, da nunmehr die Regierung mehr nach politischen als nach religiösen Gesichtspunkten erfolgte. Islam Religion in India - 12% of Indian population follows Islam, which is a significant number considering the large population of the country. [54] Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi[55] in 660AD, near Damascus. to be Muslim, one has to know, believe, accept totally and sincerely apply the five basic principles (Pillars) on which Islam is based: Ibn Umar narrated that the Messenger of Allah - Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) said: Islam is based on the following five pillars (principles). M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala - An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 1803 erobern sie Delhi (das Mogulreich bestand formell bis zum Sepoy-Aufstand weiter) und mit dem Sieg über die Marathen 1818 waren sie unangefochtene Herrscher über den Subkontinent. Early in the 9th century, Muslim missionaries gained a notable convert in the person of the King of Malabar. These include 1969 Gujarat riots, 1970 Bhiwandi riots, 1983 Nellie massacre, and the 1989 Bhagalpur violence. In contrast to the indigenous Indian architecture which was of the trabeate order, i.e. The tomb of a Muslim saint is called a dargah. During the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam. [76] The Mughal Empire was the world's largest economy in the 17th century, larger than Qing China and Western Europe, with Mughal India producing about a quarter of the world's economic and industrial output.[77][78]. Check 'Islam in Indien' translations into English. In Kerala kam es dabei zum Übertritt erster Hindus zum islamischen Glauben. [236] Approximately 300,000–350,000 pandits left the valley during the mid-80s and the 90s,[237] many of them have been living in abject conditions in refugee camps of Jammu. Jh. Some of India's most prominent firms, such as Wipro, Wockhardt, Himalaya Health Care, Hamdard Laboratories, Cipla and Mirza Tanners were founded by Muslims. Im Bundesstaat Jammu und Kashmir verfügen sie … The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877, The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_India&oldid=1009305243, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2019, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles needing additional references from August 2013, All articles needing additional references, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2016, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2015, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The Deobandi movement, another section of the Sunni Muslim population, originate from the, Muslim Personal Law Sharia Application Act, 1937, The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939, The bulk of Muslims are descendants of migrants from the, Conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes, Conversion was a result of the actions of. Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, "The Chachnama", p. 43, The Commissioner's Press, Karachi (1900). Bohra Shia was established in Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century. Der Sufismus (arab. Islam in India existed in communities along the Arab coastal trade routes on the western shoreline of India particularly in Gujarat, and Malabar as soon as the religion originated and had gained early acceptance in the Arabian Peninsula, though the first incursion through sea by the new Muslim successor states of the Arab World occurred around 636 CE or 643 AD, during the Rashidun Caliphate, long before any Arab army reached the frontier of India by land. Später versuchte der Orden auf Grundlage des ontologischen Monismus auch hinduistische Elemente in den Islam zu integrieren. However, whereas monsoon birds flew back to Africa after a sojourn of few months, not all traders returned to their homes in the desert; many married Indian women and settled in India. This entire structure is covered with an elaborate dome. Ibrahim was the first Muslim to hold this office. The Supreme Court of India has ruled that Sharia or Muslim law holds precedence for Muslims over Indian civil law in such matters.[164]. [275] Genetic data has also supported this stratification. By Annemarie Schimmel. und Bihar (17,6 Mio.). Akbars Herrschaft fundierte aber grundsätzlich auf dem Prinzip der Toleranz; der din-i ilahi geht auf ihn zurück. [48], The advent of Muhammad (569–632 CE) changed the idolatrous and easy-going Arabs into a nation unified by faith and fired with zeal to spread the gospel of Islam. Zacharia in Kerala in 1983 revealed that on average, the number of children born to a Muslim woman was 4.1 while a Hindu woman gave birth to only 2.9 children. Diese Vorstellung erinnert stark an die spätere Philosophie Hegels, indem Geist und Sein, letztlich aufeinander bezogen sind und keine getrennten Entitäten darstellen. [103] The Population Growth rate is also attributable to the fact that majority of Muslim populations are concentrated in the states that are lagging behind in social reforms and services which have shown higher birth rates than other states. [198] Salman Haidar was the Foreign Secretary from 1995 to 1997 and Deputy Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations. This list may not reflect recent changes (). Hindus von dort nach Indien; für Ostpakistan ist von 1,0 Mio. A combination, initially made under duress followed by a genuine change of heart. Neu!! Das Mogulreich war ein von 1526 bis 1858 auf dem indischen Subkontinent bestehender muslimischer Staat.
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