The other 48 MPs are selected from the party lists. The Charter of 1840 vested the power of the British government in a governor. He and the other non-official members protested the high administrative salaries which colonists had to fund, but were outvoted by the official members. It is certainly true that this change in status provided for “internal self-government and a considerable measure of freedom in their foreign relations,” but complete autonomy in New Zealand’s foreign affairs was not obtained. [6]. In 1887, for example, the third Agent General, Sir Francis Dillon Bell, wished to visit Paris to persuade France to reduce its tariff on New Zealand frozen meat. These latter three non-official members were selected by the governor and can be seen as the first representatives of the colonists. In 1907, it became a Dominion, a fully independent nation within the British Empire. This research paper provides a brief overview of some of the key dates in New Zealand’s path to independence. New Zealand was a colony in the British Empire from 1840 to 1907 and a dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations from 1907 to 1945, and became a separate monarchical realm of the Commonwealth in 1953. It then turns into a constitutional monarchy, controlled by Protestant chiefs. …I submit that it is inadequate – that it does not cover the ground; that the machinery for its exercise is defective. [4] Philippine–American War Digmaang Pilipino–Amerikano; Clockwise from top left: U.S. troops in Manila, Gregorio del Pilar and his troops around 1898, Americans guarding Pasig River bridge in 1898, the Battle of Santa Cruz, Filipino soldiers at Malolos, the Battle of Quingua In 1642,     Prominent Wellingtonian Charles Clifford was appointed to the Legislative Council to represent the southern settlements. In 1844 he concluded the meetings were an idle and useless formality and resigned. It also repealed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947, the New Zealand Constitution Amendment (Request and Consent) Act 1947, the New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1970, and the New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1973. New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 New Zealand Licence. Following the 1907 Imperial Conference, the New Zealand House of Representatives passed a motion respectfully requesting that His Majesty the King “take such steps as he may consider necessary” to change the designation of New Zealand from the “Colony of New Zealand” to the “Dominion of New Zealand”. These MPs represent 65 general electorate seats and seven Māori electorates. According to New Zealand’s first Secretary of External Affairs, Sir Alister McIntosh, New Zealand “became a sovereign state when we signed the treaty of Versailles” (however he acknowledged that this may not have been so in strict legal terms). Prior to this New Zealand had simply acceded to commercial treaties made by Britain. The country prospered from sheep farming and from the discovery of gold in 1862. The Constitution Act 1986 states that the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom shall cease to have effect as part of the law of New Zealand. These received the Royal assent on 25 November 1947. This day was later proposed as a possible New Zealand Day to replace Waitangi Day. factmyth.com/factoids/america-gained-independence-on-july-4th-1776 [9] While Earl Grey commended the advantages of colonial self-government, he warned that it should not be used to suppress indigenous peoples. The history of British involvement in Malaya goes back to 1786, when the East India Company established a trading post on Penang Island. 3 Answers. Greetings to you. Although Bell’s knowledge of French allowed him to play a more significant role than was usually permitted of colonial representatives, the British insisted that their own ambassador should conduct the negotiations. Other diplomatic posts were established in Ottawa (1942), Canberra (1943), and Moscow (1944). [25] [10], In the 19th century, New Zealand also had little influence in such fundamental aspects of statehood as defining or acquiring its own territory. It exercised this right for the first time in 1928, when it signed a trade treaty with Japan. All non-text content is subject to specific conditions. In reality, the Agent-General had little real authority since the Governor of New Zealand remained the only official channel for government-to-government communications and would do so until 1939. James Allen was appointed as the first Minister of External Affairs in 1919. Here we require something more than immutable dogmas. [16] On 6 March 1957, the Gold Coast (now known as Ghana) gained independence from Britain. Indian independence from Great Britain was the culmination of many movements and events that took place over the course of a ninety-year span beginning in 1857. The independence of New Zealand is a matter of continued academic and social debate.New Zealand has no fixed date of independence; instead, political independence came about as a result of New Zealand's evolving constitutional status. The independent Federation of Malaya came into being on August 31st, 1957. The independence of both Australia and New Zealand was a gradual process that happened in stages rather than at a single step. In passing the Constitution Act 1986 (effective 1 January 1987), New Zealand “unilaterally revoked all residual United Kingdom legislative power.” New Zealand, as of 1987, is a free-standing constitutional monarchy whose parliament has unlimited sovereign power. [28]. [1], The historical development of New Zealand’s foreign affairs is “the history of a colony becoming independent.” W. David McIntyre, and W. J. Gardner, eds. British Empire, a worldwide system of dependencies—colonies, protectorates, and other territories—that over a span of some three centuries was brought under the sovereignty of the crown of Great Britain and the administration of the British government.   The External Affairs Act 1919 established a department responsible for New Zealand’s Pacific territories, including New Zealand’s League of Nations mandate territory, Western Samoa. reference@parliament.govt.nz. Answer (1 of 2): NZ became an independent dominion (self-governing overseas territory) in 1907. There was also a Legislative Council which made laws, in line with British law, for ‘Peace, Order and good government’.3 It consisted of the governor, the executive council, and three justices of the peace.   The Governor-General continued to: be appointed by Britain; act as both representative of the British Government as well as the sole official representative of New Zealand views to the Imperial government; be the only person to hold the official coding ciphers; exercise sole discretion over which material and despatches were to be passed to the New Zealand government. Responsible government was thus not consolidated until 1857, the year in which a further degree of autonomy was achieved when the British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act. Copyright: © NZ Parliamentary Library, 2006. Perhaps the clearest sign of the need for operational independence came with a change in the role and status of the Governor-General in foreign affairs and communications. New Zealand only gained full capacity to enter into relations with other states in 1947 when it passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act. Later, it was stated that: “From New Zealand’s point of view, the whole conference was something like a climax in the development of her international status.” Prime Minister Joseph Ward declared that the designation of Dominion would “raise the status of New Zealand” and “have no other effect than that of doing the country good”. These progressively led to independence of action, even if the formal constitutional arrangements suggested otherwise. In 1890 the representatives of seven British colonies (New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, Queensland, Western Australia and New Zealand) had met for the Australasian Federation Conference in Melbourne, agreeing in principle to establish a federation. In 1852, twelve years after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, the United Kingdom Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act (NZCA), which provided for six elected provincial councils, a General Assembly consisting of a Governor (the monarch’s representative), a Legislative Council, and a House of Representatives. [3]. Ties with the British Parliament were not severed finally until 1986, and connection with British courts continued until 2003. In this sense, 1947 can be said to mark the date of New Zealand’s legal independence. However, to give legal force to the Statute in the Dominions required enabling legislation to be passed in their legislative assemblies. Public servants and special interest groups, http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/intdip/interam/intam03.htm, http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Poli-c26.html. These qualifications are: a permanent population; a defined territory; government; capacity to enter into relations with the other states. For his part, Governor George Grey was all too aware of such a possibility from his earlier experiences in Australia. In 1947, then Leader of the Opposition, Sidney Holland, introduced a Private Member’s Bill to abolish New Zealand’s upper house, the Legislative Council. British recognition of Canadian independence arguably came in the 1926 Balfour Declaration ... Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa, Ireland was a special case) the legislative equals of the UK, which made them fully independent states. Because both the first and second ministries lasted only a few weeks, confidence of the House could not be demonstrated. The Statute of Westminster Act 1931 sought to remove these very difficulties – such as Section 3 of the Act, that “declared and enacted” that Dominions had full power to make laws having extraterritorial effect. This gave the New Zealand Parliament authority to amend all but a few entrenched sections of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. Further and more meaningful enhancements to national sovereignty followed the end of World War One. In the 53rd New Zealand Parliament there are five parliamentary parties represented by 120 MPs. Although the change in the designation of New Zealand – from the “Colony of New Zealand” to the “Dominion of New Zealand” – took effect on 26 September, 1907, complete autonomy in New Zealand’s foreign affairs was not obtained. This occurred 16 years after the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Act in 1931 that recognised New Zealand’s autonomy. With the appointment of the first British High Commissioner to Wellington in 1939, the Governor-General also relinquished his position as the British Government’s representative in New Zealand. In the meantime, Grey divided the colony into two provinces: New Ulster and New Munster. Its closest neighbour is Australia, more than 1,600 kilometres to the north-west.   Before the Statute of Westminster Act 1931 – and arguably until the New Zealand Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act in 1947 – the New Zealand Parliament was not a sovereign parliament, it did not have the capacity to make all law, (such as legislating extra-territorially), and there were some laws that it could not unmake. The Attorney-General, Sir Francis Bell, concurred with Sinclair’s assessment, but described how New Zealand viewed the claim, then fashionable in other dominions, that they should be ‘consulted’ before imperial foreign policy was determined. [8], A small measure of participation in international relations was achieved in 1871 when Isaac Featherston was appointed to London as ’Agent-General’, to act as “the eyes, the ears and voice of the New Zealand Government in Great Britain”. There is one Government of the Empire in its relation to foreign affairs, and that is the Government of England…The matter that concerns us is how far it is of any benefit to anyone that we should be consulted; and, if we were consulted, is there any man in New Zealand who thinks that we are really fit to judge? The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 helped to establish the notion of a sovereign nation state – one that exercised supreme authority within a territory. Yet, for all but the first six yea… I'd be inclined to say 1947, when NZ formally adopted the Statute of Westminster. But the principles of equality and similarity, appropriate to status, do not universally extend to function. Have your say and influence the laws passed by Parliament.   Two final footnotes signal the end of New Zealand’s journey to sovereign independence. In its Report to the Imperial Conference of 1926, the Inter-Imperial Relations Committee, chaired by Lord Balfour, declared that Great Britain and the self-governing Dominions were, autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic and external affairs… Britain granted the colonists self-rule in 1852. For example, to deal with questions of diplomacy and defence, we require also flexible machinery – machinery which can, from time to time, be adapted to the changing circumstances of the world. [31]. [37]. This research paper provides a brief overview of some of the key dates in New Zealand’s path to independence with particular emphasis on New Zealand’s progression to gaining complete and formal sovereignty over its external affairs. As the sum of official external relations conducted by a country, it encompasses defence, trade, diplomatic representation, treaty making, overseas aid, migration, and membership in international organisations, among others. [33], As the war progressed, and as New Zealand asserted operational independence in foreign affairs, it became clear that the existing administrative structure for foreign affairs was inadequate. Prior to 1939, the coding staff had been maintained at Government House, and the Governor-General had been the only person to hold the official ciphers. (Consulate Generals had been established in Sydney and Melbourne in 1905, Los Angeles in 1935, and New York in 1939). The war period also saw the rapid expansion of New Zealand’s diplomatic service with the appointment of Walter Nash to the first foreign (non-Commonwealth) mission – established in Washington in 1941. Uganda won Independence on October 9th in 1962; It took 72 years for Uganda to gain independence from Britain.   [26] New Zealand was a colony in the British Empire from 1840 to 1907 and a dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations from 1907 to 1945, and became a separate monarchical realm of the Commonwealth in 1953. W. David McIntyre, 'Self-government and independence - Crown colony', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/self-government-and-independence/page-1 (accessed 6 March 2021), Story by W. David McIntyre, published 20 Jun 2012. [32] A number of examples of the very real legislative difficulties these constraints came to present for New Zealand can be cited – primarily as a consequence of the Second World War. Until then, and for many years after, New Zealand was very much a British colony with a very strong case of Anglophilia and sense of duty to Britain that wouldn't begin to be … A number of legislative difficulties – both constitutional and in the international fields – were resolved by the Statute. For example, under section 61 of the NZCA 1852, New Zealand could not impose any duties on its imports or exports that would contravene a United Kingdom trade treaty, and had no authority to negotiate or enter into any international trade agreements. In this sense, 1947 can be said to mark the date of New Zealand’s legal independence. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence, which proclaims the independence of the United States of America from Great Britain and its king. A number of reasons can be suggested for the delay of 16 years. A significant step toward New Zealand gaining a fuller measure of sovereignty over its foreign affairs was the Balfour Declaration of 1926. Moreover, simply adopting the Statute of Westminster Act 1931, while necessary, was insufficient, since section 8 of that Act prohibited New Zealand from any power to repeal or alter its Constitution Act. I am a member of the Government myself, and I have no sense of fitness to advise the Imperial Government in matters of foreign policy. It has two main islands, North Island and South Island. The councils met infrequently and the system was short-lived because of growing calls from settlers for self-government.
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