These republicans held that the Dáil did not have the right to disestablish the Irish Republic. In early April 1920, 400 abandoned RIC barracks were burned to the ground to prevent them being used again, along with almost one hundred income tax offices. [90] As a result, violence escalated steadily from that summer and sharply after November 1920 until July 1921. [135] There were similar attacks in nearby Dromore. In September, Unionist leader James Craig wrote to the British government demanding that a special constabulary be recruited from the ranks of the Ulster Volunteers. Eunan O'Halpin, "Counting Terror", in David Fitzpatrick ed. Several historians, notably Peter Hart have alleged that those killed in this manner were often simply considered "enemies" rather than being proven informers. [102] On 1 February, the first execution under martial law of an IRA man took place: Cornelius Murphy, of Millstreet in County Cork, was shot in Cork City. The conflict developed gradually. [72] In June–July 1920, assizes failed all across the south and west of Ireland; trials by jury could not be held because jurors would not attend. In 1918, during disturbances arising out of the anti-conscription campaign, six civilians died in confrontations with the police and British Army and over 1,000 were arrested. In the following week, sixteen Catholics were killed and 216 Catholic homes burned in reprisal – events known as Belfast's Bloody Sunday. The IRA carried out attacks on British forces in the north-east, but was less active than in the south. Most of it was in the city of Belfast, which saw "savage and unprecedented" communal violence between Protestants and Catholics. Smuts, a close friend of the King, suggested to him that the opportunity should be used to make an appeal for conciliation in Ireland. The Special Constabulary (set up in September 1920), was largely recruited from Ulster Volunteer Force and Orange Lodges and, in the words of historian Michael Hopkinson, "amounted to an officially approved UVF". For example, in April 1921, the IRA in Belfast shot dead two Auxiliaries in Donegal Place in Belfast city centre. Because of this, plans were drawn up to "bring the war to England". Three Special Constables were also killed in the shootings.[153]. Others, notably Arthur Griffith, preferred a campaign of civil disobedience rather than armed struggle. The day began with several senior members of the IRA, including Michael Collins’ squad, setting out to numerous addresses in Dublin to assassinate members of the Cairo Gang. This pattern of killings and reprisals escalated in the second half of 1920 and in 1921. A number of events dramatically escalated the conflict in late 1920. [37] Also in 1913, the Irish Citizen Army was founded by the trade unionists and socialists James Larkin and James Connolly following a series of violent incidents between trade unionists and the Dublin police in the Dublin lock-out. [44][45][46] Patrols in Bantry and Ballyvourney were badly beaten in September and October. [175], Although most of the fighting was carried out by men, women played a substantial supporting role in the Irish War of Independence. It... 2. [70] The British government managed to bring the situation to an end, when they threatened to withhold grants from the railway companies, which would have meant that workers would no longer have been paid. [38] In June 1914, Nationalist leader John Redmond forced the Volunteers to give his nominees a majority on the ruling committee. The conflict in north-east Ulster had a sectarian aspect. In the two days after the Fermanagh kidnappings, 30 people lost their lives in the city, including four Catholic children and two women who were killed by a Loyalist bomb on Weaver Street. The same night, two Catholics were killed on the Falls Road. The last survivor of the conflict, Dan Keating (of the IRA), died in October 2007 at the age of 105. It replaced the trial by jury by courts-martial by regulation for those areas where IRA activity was prevalent. In part, this reflected Michael Collins' view that the Treaty was a tactical move, or "stepping stone", rather than a final settlement. It was a conflict between the Irish Republican Army and the British Government within Ireland. [154] The event helped to trigger the Irish Civil War. A ceasefire (or 'truce') began on 11 July 1921. Much of the nationalist campaign involved popular mobilisation and the creation of a republican "state within a state" in opposition to British rule. That afternoon, the RIC and Black and Tans opened fire o… The war of Independence was a short but vicious war which took place in Ireland between 1919 and 1921. Ireland's revolutionary history is usually told by and about men, but new research highlights violent attacks on women in the era of the Civil War. In April 1916, Irish republicans launched the Easter Rising against British rule and proclaimed an Irish Republic. [151] The cycle of sectarian atrocities against civilians however continued into June 1922. He established what proved an effective network of spies among sympathetic members of the Dublin Metropolitan Police's (DMP) G Division and other important branches of the British administration. [121], Following the deaths of Griffith and Collins, W. T. Cosgrave became head of government. Much of the IRA's popularity arose from the excessive reaction of the British forces to IRA activity. [11] In May 1921, Ireland was partitioned under British law by the Government of Ireland Act, which created Northern Ireland. Talks that had looked promising the previous year had petered out in December when David Lloyd George insisted that the IRA first surrender their arms. Ireland’s president, ... Britain and Ireland, visited the Queen and acknowledged that Irish Republicans committed atrocities during and after the war of independence. Although some republican leaders, notably Éamon de Valera, favoured classic conventional warfare to legitimise the new republic in the eyes of the world, the more practically experienced Michael Collins and the broader IRA leadership opposed these tactics as they had led to the military débacle of 1916. After Bloody Sunday on 21 November 1920 there were widespread arrests of suspected IRA members, and camps were opened in Ballykinlar, Co. Down, and Bere Island, Co. Cork. About 300 people had been killed by late 1920, but the conflict escalated in November. However, it did not, as is sometimes claimed, cripple the IRA in Dublin. [22] By now, support for the British war effort was waning, and Irish public opinion was shocked and outraged by some of the actions committed by British troops, particularly the murder of Francis Sheehy-Skeffington and the imposition of wartime martial law.[23]. The Irish Volunteers were reconstituted as the "Irish Republican Army" or IRA. 1919 - 1921: The War of Independence and Partition < Previous: History Menu: Next > After the First World War, in 1919, the powers in Europe sat down to redraw the boundaries of Europe. … during the intensification of the Anglo-Irish War (1919–21). The Dublin Brigade carried out 107 attacks in the city in May and 93 in June, showing a falloff in activity, but not a dramatic one. Although fought primarily in Dublin there are a few prominent locations outside of Dublin which had a significant impact on the outcome of the war. Although a short story, in its 11 pages O’Connor tells us more about the... 3. . Hopkinson, Irish War of Independence, p. 26. IRELAND’S DECADE OF commemorations continues this year as the country remembers 1921, the final year of fighting in the War of Independence. The local coroner's inquest refused to return a murder verdict over the soldier and local businessmen who had sat on the jury were targeted in the reprisal. After some of them were charged with rioting, their colleagues threatened to resign, and they were not prosecuted.[140]. [44] However, there was as yet no co-ordinated armed campaign against British forces or RIC. The biggest single loss for the IRA, however, came in Dublin. Killings on the loyalist side were largely carried out by the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), allegedly with the aid of the RIC and especially the auxiliary police force, the Ulster Special Constabulary or "B-Specials". [152] On 17 June, in revenge for the killing of two Catholics by the B-Specials, Frank Aiken's IRA unit shot ten Protestant civilians, killing six in and around Altnaveigh, south Armagh. Desmond FitzGerald and Erskine Childers were active in producing the Irish Bulletin, which detailed government atrocities which Irish and British newspapers were unwilling or unable to cover. [30] The head of the Castle administration was the Lord Lieutenant, to whom a Chief Secretary was responsible, leading—in the words of the British historian Peter Cottrell—to an "administration renowned for its incompetence and inefficiency". While the Catholic minority there mostly backed Irish independence, the Protestant majority were mostly unionist/loyalist. On 6 June 1921, the British made their first conciliatory gesture, calling off the policy of house burnings as reprisals. Hart's contentions have been challenged by a number of historians, notably Niall Meehan[170] and Meda Ryan. As the year progressed there was an escalation of military action against the British administration and its mainly Catholic, armed police force, the RIC. [88] Shortly afterwards, in January 1921, "official reprisals" were sanctioned by the British and they began with the burning of seven houses in Midleton, County Cork. [89] The powers of military courts-martial were extended to cover the whole population and were empowered to use the death penalty and internment without trial; Government payments to local governments in Sinn Féin hands were suspended. In July 1920, another quasi-military police body, the Auxiliaries, consisting of 2,215 former British army officers, arrived in Ireland. What hope of success have you against the mighty forces of the British Empire? They smuggled guns, ammunition, and money to the IRA, such as Kathleen Clarke, who reported "smuggling £2,000 of gold from Limerick city to Dublin for IRA leader Michael Collins". He warned: The Loyalist rank and file have determined to take action ... Loyalist leaders now feel the situation is so desperate that unless the Government will take immediate action, it may be advisable for them to see what steps can be taken towards a system of organised reprisals against the rebels.[141]. [168], Similarly in recent decades, attention has been drawn to the IRA's shooting of civilian informers in the south. However, from a military point of view, it was a heavy defeat in which five IRA men were killed and over eighty captured. [68], Other aspects of mass participation in the conflict included strikes by organised workers, in opposition to the British presence in Ireland. [31] During the course of the war, the British created two paramilitary police forces to supplement the work of the RIC, recruited mostly from World War I veterans, namely the Temporary Constables (better known as the "Black and Tans") and the Temporary Cadets or Auxiliary Division (known as the "Auxies"). Nor did attacks on the RIC or British Army cease altogether. [34] Until March 1920, London regarded the unrest in Ireland as primarily an issue for the police and did not regard it as a war. It is estimated that fewer than 50 women were imprisoned by the British during the war.[182]. Two Black and Tans were also killed after getting involved in a gunfight. [181] It is estimated that there were between 3,000 and 9,000 members of Cumann na mBan during the war, and in 1921 there were 800 branches throughout the island. Smuts prepared this draft and gave copies to the King and to Lloyd George. By the end of May the remaining forces were concentrated in Dublin, Cork and Kildare. This war was called the War of Independence. (Hopkinson, Irish War of Independence pp. While officially they were part of the RIC, in reality they were a paramilitary force. On 10 July 1921 the IRA ambushed British forces in Raglan street in Belfast. During the course of the war, two British divisions, the 5th and the 6th, were based in Ireland with their respective headquarters in the Curragh and Cork. The Auxiliary Division had a reputation just as bad as the Tans for their mistreatment of the civilian population but tended to be more effective and more willing to take on the IRA. The Irish War of Independence (Irish: Cogadh na Saoirse)[4] or Anglo-Irish War was a guerrilla war fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army (IRA, the army of the Irish Republic) and British forces: the British Army, along with the quasi-military Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) and its paramilitary forces the Auxiliaries and Ulster Special Constabulary (USC). Special permits, to be issued by the RIC, would now be required to enter the city. This commemorative sculpture was erected by the Roscommon veterans of the War of Independence (the Black and Tan and Free State Wars 1920-23) to the memory of their fallen comrades. [107] It was decided that key economic targets, such as the Liverpool docks, would be bombed. [27] This parliament, known as the First Dáil, and its ministry, called the Aireacht, consisting only of Sinn Féin members, met at the Mansion House on 21 January 1919. [111] On 18 February 1922, Ernie O'Malley's IRA unit raided the RIC barracks at Clonmel, taking 40 policemen prisoner and seizing over 600 weapons and thousands of rounds of ammunition. The long-planned evacuation from dozens of barracks in what the army called "Southern Ireland" started on 12 January 1922, following the ratification of the Treaty and took nearly a year, organised by General Nevil Macready. [163], The total number killed in the guerrilla war of 1919–21 between republicans and British forces in what became the Irish Free State came to over 1,400. [71] Attacks by the IRA also steadily increased, and by early 1920, they were attacking isolated RIC stations in rural areas, causing them to be abandoned as the police retreated to the larger towns. They began to attack the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), the police force in Ireland, because they were seen as supporting British rule and British law. [156], During the 1920s, the vessel HMS Argenta was used as a military base and prison ship for the holding of Irish Republicans by the British government as part of their internment strategy after Bloody Sunday. some means of mutual agreement", as they had been pushing for a condemnation of the rebellion. At least thirteen Catholic civilians and five Protestant civilians were killed in the violence. [157], By February 1923, under the 1922 Special Powers Act the British were detaining 263 men on Argenta, which was moored in Belfast Lough. The conflict had reached a stalemate. Australian Imperial Force - 1 dead; Bedfordshire - 1 dead; Black Watch - 1 dead; Border - 2 dead; Camerons - 1 dead, 2 missing; Canadians - 1 dead; Devonshire - 2 dead; Dorsetshire - 1 dead; 6th Dragoon Guards - 3 dead; East Kent - 2 dead; East Lancashire - 4 dead; East Surrey - 1 dead; East Yorkshire - 1 dead; Essex - 16 dead, 2 missing The IRA attacked and shot two RIC officers, Constables James McDonnell and Patrick O'Connell,[49] who were escorting explosives. The first part of an epic trilogy, Henry Smart’s odyssey through crucial events... 2. Its members and barracks (especially the more isolated ones) were vulnerable, and they were a source of much-needed arms. [150] The largest single clash came in June, when British troops used artillery to dislodge an IRA unit from the village of Pettigo, killing seven, wounding six and taking four prisoners. In 1912, as a result of a political deal between the Irish Parliamentary party and the... War begins. The RIC's strength in late 1919 was down to 9,300 but extensive recruitment saw it reach a height of over 14,000 by June 1921, Hopkinson, Charles Townshend, 'The Irish Railway Strike of 1920: Industrial Action and Civil Resistance in the Struggle for Independence,'. The IRA unit's leader was shot dead and a gun battle broke out, in which four Special Constables were killed. Sinn Féin pledged not to sit in the UK Parliament at Westminster, but rather to set up an Irish Parliament. The IRA did take the campaign to the streets of Glasgow. There was rioting, gun battles and bombings. [173] The Irish Free State's Damage To Property (Compensation) Act, 1923 provided that only the Shaw Commission, and not the Criminal Injury Acts, could be used to claim compensation. When, in September 1914, Redmond encouraged the Volunteers to enlist in the British Army, a faction led by Eoin MacNeill broke with the Redmondites, who became known as the National Volunteers, rather than fight for Britain in the war. A mainly-Protestant special constabulary was formed, and loyalist paramilitaries were active. The Dail voted unanimously to empower him to declare war whenever he saw fit, but he did not formally do so. Lloyd George then invited Smuts to attend a British cabinet meeting consultations on the "interesting" proposals Lloyd George had received, without either man informing the Cabinet that Smuts had been their author. [112] In April 1922, in the Dunmanway killings, an IRA party in Cork killed 10 local suspected Protestant informers in retaliation for the shooting of one of their men. As agreed, an Irish Boundary Commission was then created to decide on the precise location of the border of the Free State and Northern Ireland. The Volunteer movement split, a majority leaving to form the National Volunteers under Redmond. The Irish War of Independence (1919-21) was a brief but violent conflict between British authorities and the IRA. [74] By mid-1920, the Irish Republic was a reality in the lives of many people, enforcing its own law, maintaining its own armed forces and collecting its own taxes. The first of these, quickly nicknamed as the Black and Tans, were seven thousand strong and mainly ex-British soldiers demobilised after World War I. Loyalists had by this time taken to firing and throwing bombs randomly into Catholic areas and the IRA responded by bombing trams which took Protestant workers to their places of employment. UCC online – accessed Dec 2009, "Dáil Éireann – Volume 3 – 7 January, 1922 – Debate on Treaty", "The Emergence of the 'Two Irelands', 1912–25", "Dáil Éireann – Volume 1 – 20 August, 1919 – Oath of Allegiance", "1920 local government elections recalled in new publication", "Grangegorman Military Cemetery " Irish History Podcast", "Kilmichael veterans son challenges Hart", "Damage To Property (Compensation) Act, 1923, Section 1", "Treaty (Confirmation of Amending Agreement) Act, 1925, Schedule", "Damage To Property (Compensation) (Amendment) Act, 1926", War Of Independence website for Clare and Galway, War memorials related to the Irish War of Independence, Irish History Links for the War of Independence, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_War_of_Independence&oldid=1009457195, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Hiberno-English, Articles needing additional references from July 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 February 2021, at 18:17. [123] Those on the Catholic/nationalist side were mostly Hibernians rather than IRA members,[124] while groups such as the Ulster Volunteers were involved on the Protestant/loyalist side.
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