Northern Ireland occupies about one-sixth of the island of Ireland and is separated on the east from Scotland, another part of the United Kingdom, by the narrow North Channel, which is at one point only 13 miles (21 km) wide.The Irish Sea separates Northern Ireland from England and Wales on the east and southeast, respectively, and the Atlantic Ocean lies to the north. Mitchell proposed that disarmament should begin but this led to a stalling of the talks and the IRA broke its cease fire and violence resumed. Northern Ireland, is of fairly recent origin, coming out of the partition of the island of Irelandin 1921. In July 1997 the IRA announced the cease fire. Northern Ireland was retained as part of the UK, and the rest of Ireland, became an independent state, and was known as the Irish Free State in 1922, and after 1949, the Republic of Ireland. English Monarchs continue to control Ireland. As a result, two disparate populations, with differing interests, found themselves living in a small island side by side. The government of these counties was known as the Provisional Government. The British government did not send money to help the starving people fearing that they would use it to buy guns to revolt against English rule. The event is still commemorated today. To work towards having an unarmed police force Sadly, one of family history’s great disappointments is that few of the records from before 1901 remain. © HistoryOnTheNet 2000-2019. In proximity to Scotland and to sea channels leading to England and Wales, Northern Ireland has long witnessed generations of newcomers and emigrants, including Celts from continental Europe and Vikings, Normans, and Anglo-Saxons. Following talks between the British Prime Minister and the Irish leader, this declaration was issued. During the 16th century English conquest of Ireland, Ulster was the province most resistant to English control. To show their support from Home Rule, many Catholics joined the British army to fight Germany. A separate parliament and government should be set up in Dublin. All rights reserved. Although much glacially transported material covers the areas below 700 feet (215 metres) in elevation, the nature of the soil is predominantly influenced by the underlying parent rock. Some areas along the new border such as Derry City and South Arma… A march organised by the NICRA against Internment and the ban on marches took place in Derry. The NICRA was largely based on the US Civil Rights Movement that fought for equality for black Americans and wanted to see the anti-Catholic measures abolished and equality for Catholics in Northern Ireland. Sinn Fein was offered a seat provided that IRA violence was ended. However the origins of the Troubles can be traced back hundreds of years. Northern Ireland: The Background to the Conflict, 1983. Home Rule with Partition. Northern Ireland can be thought of topographically as a saucer centred on Lough (lake) Neagh, the upturned rim of which forms the highlands. Unionists (those who want to remain a part of the United Kingdom) support Partition but Republicanists (those who want all of Ireland to be a separate independent republic) oppose partition. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The English were occupiers, and throughout history confiscated Irish-owned land, particularly i… This area was known as the Pale. All these valleys have been important routeways, but none have been more important than the Lagan, penetrating from Belfast Lough to the very heart of Ulster. Next, he invaded the northern Kingdom of Scotland, kicking off the First War of Scottish Independence (that’s the one in Braveheart). Saint Patrick brought Christianity to Ireland. The region that is now Northern Ireland was long inhabited by native Gaels who were Irish-speaking and Catholic. They have selected these books for their content, accessibility and affordability. The Troubles is a term used to describe a period of conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted about 30 years, from the late 1960s until the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. MacMurrough rewarded the English soldiers that helped him to regain his kingdom with land. Henry II of England, wary of the power his generals were amassing there, landed with … Author of. The twenty-six counties were known as the Irish Free State and were given a measure of independence. More than 1.5 million people starved to death. Soils are varied. An Anglo-Irish council be set up to consider areas of mutual interest However, many Irishmen felt that Home Rule did not go far enough. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The far southwest, the historic County Fermanagh, is focused geographically on the basin of Lough Erne, in a drumlin-strewn area ringed by hills more than 1,000 feet (300 metres) high. The capital is Belfast, a modern city whose historic centre was badly damaged by aerial bombardment during World War II. The British government could no longer take a back seat and forced the Stormont to make reforms, however, the changes were minimal and in no way met the demands of the Civil Rights Movement. Corrections? The British invited William of Orange to come take the throne of England and Scotland. In the face of increasing calls for internment for IRA members, it is introduced on 9th August 1971 and around 350 people were immediately arrested and interned. This migration started about 1605. This, together with the unfriendly a… It was made up of several Gaelic kingdoms and territories, and was part of the province of Ulster. A section of the marchers and some observers confronted soldiers manning the barricade. By 1969, the Provisional IRA (PIRA) was formed, a breakawa… The six northern counties were to remain part of the United Kingdom but they would have their own parliament, the Stormont. Site created in November 2000. In early 1922 British forces began to leave Ireland. He and nine others died as a result of the hunger strike. Landowners continued to ship produce abroad. England first came to the island in 1167, although the English and the Irish never completely united. But civil war south of the border and sectarian riots in the north soon put an end to that. This book is the first definitive history of the Northern Ireland Labour Party (NILP), a unique political force which drew its support from Protestants and Catholics and became electorally viable despite deep-seated ethnic, religious and national divisions. As the Apprentice Boys marched past Catholic Bogside there were clashes which forced the intervention of the RUC. The complexity of those political markers is captured in a graffito once scrawled on Belfast walls that read “If you are not confused you don’t understand the situation.” But, Northern Ireland’s political fortunes subsequently have changed for the better, and with that change has come a flourishing of the arts, so that increasingly outsiders associate the country not with violent politics but with the poems of Seamus Heaney, the music of Van Morrison, and other contributions to world culture. Two parliaments were introduced, one in Dublin to serve twenty-six counties and one in Belfast to serve six northern counties. Home Rule was to become law in 1914. To understand the Northern Ireland conflict, you need to know a little history. The 12th century saw the first involvement by England in Irish affairs when the Earl of Pembroke, known as Strongbow, intervenes in a local dispute in Leinster in 1170. The Civil Rights Movement continued to protest despite a ban being placed on all marches and the IRA continued to make attacks on British troops resulting in the death of a British soldier. Over the past century, thousands of Catholics had been transported abroad or resettled in new areas and even more land had been seized by English Protestants. Their stations were handed over to the Irish Volunteers. The first British troops arrived on the 15th August. James II organised an army to help him fight William and regain the throne. The scenery to the south of Lough Neagh is gentler, but the land rises to 1,886 feet (575 metres) in Slieve Gullion near the border with Ireland. Cromwell then gave even more Irish land to English Protestants and new established anti-Catholic laws which took away many political rights. It is one of four counties in Northern Ireland which currently has a majority of the population from a Catholic community background. Tap to unmute. These books are available for purchase through our affiliate partner The Book Depository at low prices – … Much of the landscape of Northern Ireland is gentle, and in most low-lying areas it is covered with swarms of drumlins that have played havoc with the local drainage and are interspersed with marshy hollows. Unionists were outraged and the agreement was never fully implemented. The rounded landscape of drumlins—smooth, elongated mounds left by the melting ice of the final Pleistocene glaciation—in the southeast is punctuated by Slieve Croob, which rises to 1,745 feet (532 metres), and culminates in the Mourne Mountains, which reach an elevation of 2,789 feet (850 metres) at Slieve Donard (Northern Ireland’s highest point) within 2 miles (3 km) of the sea. A Council of Ireland was set up to oversee measures common to both parts. In northern Ireland the new parliament is now functioning, and there has been talk of accommodation of some kind with the south. Coogan, Tim Pat. From the late 1960s, the world watched in despair as Northern Ireland unravelled into unrest and violence. In order to ensure that the march was peaceful the IRA had promised to stay away. With the British becoming increasingly active in Northern Ireland, the IRA launched a bombing campaign which targeted public areas both in Ireland and on the British mainland. Those that did became known as Free State soldiers while those that did not were known as Irregulars. ... six counties remained under British rule and became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Peat soils are common, particularly in the hollows lying between the drumlins, and hill peat is widespread throughout Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland Government was dominated by the Unionist party and as a part of the United Kingdom anti-Catholic laws that had been passed in the nineteenth century were still in force. Those beyond the Pale were considered barbarians. However, as it emerged that the UVF would try to block Home Rule militant groups formed from these volunteers to counter the UVF. By the end of the fifteenth century English control was confined to a small area around Dublin. Violence, especially in the six northern counties escalated as Catholics showed their opposition to Partition. Multi-party peace talks began chaired by US senator George Mitchell. Notwithstanding the peacemaking efforts that began in earnest in the mid-1990s, Northern Ireland is still best navigated by those who are skilled in the shibboleths and cultural codes that demarcate its peoples, governing which football (soccer) team to cheer for, which whiskey to drink, and which song to sing. Around a million people emigrated to America and Canada. A historian of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, he is a publisher of popular history, a podcaster, and online course creator. About a thousand rebels from the Irish Volunteers decided to take advantage of the fact that Britain was losing the war against Germany and proclaim an Irish Republic. Updates? Originally published in 1997. Ulster Unionists accept an offer from British Prime Minister Lloyd George to exclude six north-eastern counties of … The rebels were forced to surrender. The history of Northern Ireland's relationship with the United Kingdom. They were considered martyrs – around 100,000 people attended Bobby Sands’ funeral. Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) Formed. All land in Ireland under English control. The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 had made provision for the amendment of the border between Northern Ireland and the new Irish Free State, and nationalists throughout the island trusted that this promise of possible revision would truncate and destabilize the North. She seized land in central Ireland, gave it to English settlers and renamed the land ‘Queens County’ and ‘Kings County’. The southern and western borders are with the republic of Ireland. The proposals for Home Rule in Ireland were approved by Parliament. The official language is English. Thousands of farmers and their families were simply thrown out onto the streets and their homes destroyed. The Irish in Ulster rebelled against English rule. This is an overview of Northern Ireland and especially the background and events of 'The Troubles' conflict between 1969 and 1998. Westminster would no longer have any Irish MP’s in it. British paratroopers opened fire killing 14 and injuring 13 others. A History of Northern Ireland, 1981. To the north and east the mountains of Antrim (physiographically a plateau) tilt upward toward the coast. Part of the Mourne Mountains astride Down district and Newry and Mourne district, Northern Ireland. Here is a very, very brief history of the conflict. 1914-04-24 A shipment of 35,000 rifles and 5 million rounds of ammunition are landed at Larne for the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF, an Ulster loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a place of natural beauty, mystery and Celtic charm. They reach an elevation of 1,817 feet (554 metres) at Trostan, with the plateau terminating in an impressive cliff coastline of basalts and chalk that is broken by a series of the glaciated valleys known as glens, which face Scotland and are rather isolated from the rest of Northern Ireland. James I attempted to stop the Ulster revolts by using plantation. They used excessive force, much of which was televised and broadcast worldwide. Whereas the Republic of Ireland was born out of a nationalist demand, Northern Ireland arose out of a defensive reaction on the part of a people who never quite became nationalists of any sort. Northern Ireland is sometimes referred to as Ulster, although it includes only six of the nine counties which made up that historic Irish province. Tension between the two groups escalated into violence which lasted for just over a year and left hundreds dead including Michael Collins leader of the Free State soldiers. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Many Ulster Protestants fought with William and they became known as Orangemen. The Irish Sea separates Northern Ireland from England and Wales on the east and southeast, respectively, and the Atlantic Ocean lies to the north. Info. He gave land in Ulster to English and Scottish Protestant settlers and created a Protestant majority in Ulster. Tension between Catholics and Protestants. Charles Stewart Parnell believed in Home Rule (that Ireland should be ruled by an Irish parliament and separately from Britain) and managed to convince the British Prime Minister William Gladstone to introduce a bill in Parliament. It was clear that the British government had to do something to try to quieten the situation. Banning Catholics from serving in the army, Preventing Catholics from holding public positions, Preventing Catholics from entering the legal profession, Preventing Catholics from voting or serving as MPs. A House Divided: The Dilemma of Northern Ireland, 1973. One of the first actions by Westminster was to order the dismantling of the ‘no-go’ areas set up in 1969. The tactics of the RUC left Catholics fearful and untrusting of them. The first complete Irish census was taken in 1821. The Royal Ulster Constabulary were sent in to break up the march. Earl of Pembroke – Strongbow – King of Leinster. It left out three Ulster counties with large Catholic and nationalist majorities (Donegal, Cavan and Monaghan) but included two counties, Fermanagh and Tyrone with slight nationalist majorities. There are peaty gleys and podzols in the Sperrins, and the impeded drainage of much of the southwest gives rise to acidic brown soil. The violence was eventually put down by the Provisional Government and 1100 rebels were interned (imprisoned without trial). Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Catholics became worried as plantation increased fearing that they too would lose their land. They were worried that there would be no Irish MPs in Westminster to defend Irish interests. The first Anglo-Norman intervention in Ireland came in 1167. Westminster would deal with these issues. As a result the IRA declared a cease fire in August 1994 and were followed a month later by a cease fire declaration from Loyalist groups. Led by Patrick Pearse and James Connoly they seized Dublin’s General Post Office on Easter Monday. Their aim – to free Ireland from British rule and gain independence for the whole of Ireland. Ulster nationalists, believing in the transience of partition, generally boycotted the evolving institutions of the new state, including its parliament and its committees of inquiry into local government and educational reform. The situation was worse in 1846 and 1847 leaving people starving. Tyrone is the largest county in northern Ireland. Mary attempted to do this by using plantation – giving land in Ireland to settlers loyal to England. The IRA splits into two wings – the Marxist-oriented Official IRA and the more hard-line Provisionals. Scotland emerged from the First and Second Wars of Scottish Independen… British forces poured into Dublin including gunboats that fired on the rebels from the river Liffey. Gaelic Irish and Anglo-Normans (c. 600–c. Those who had taken part in the Easter Rising became known as the Irish Republican Army. The conflict doesn’t revolve solely around religion, though. Darby, John, ed. Ireland shall not be one united country without the consent of a majority in Northern Ireland Political prisoners to be released providing the ceasefire is maintained. Northern Ireland is one of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom (together with England, Scotland and Wales). Glaciation also gave the land its main valleys: those of the River Bann (which drains Lough Neagh to the Atlantic Ocean) in the north, the River Blackwater in the southwest, and the River Lagan in the east. James was a Catholic and he abolished many of the anti-Catholic laws established in Ireland. English landlords had realised that they could earn more from their land by turning it into grazing land than they were receiving in rent from the Irish tenant farmers.
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