The 25th of April is called freedom day in Portugal and is a bank holiday. Luckily, there's a range of ways you can filter the library content to suit your needs, from casual browsing to researching a particular topic. On May 2, 1974 an assembly of TAP workers demanded the purging of all fascists in the company and the election of union representatives to the administration council, which was in effect a council for the bosses. The outbreak of colonial wars in Africa set off significant social changes, among them the rapid incorporation of women into the labour market. The attempt to radicalise the outcome," noted a contemporary observer of the time, "had little mass support and was easily suppressed by the Portuguese Socialist Party and its allies."[23]. Ordinary people, in contrast, used the situation to improve social conditions in their communities and workplaces through new autonomous organisations. The new Minister for Labour, a Communist Party member, called on the workers to resume work while CP rank and filers opposed the strike within TAP. However, many of these reforms were obstructed by Salazarist elements in the regime. All these struggles happened against a backdrop of six provisional governments, a few coup attempts and rumours of NATO and right-wing conspiracies. With Rui Paulo da Cruz, José Mário Branco, Álvaro Cunhal, António de Spínola. 250 escudos silver 1976 - Revolution 1974 - PROOF. Despite many co-ops being able to reduce the prices for goods or services, this inevitably led to competition between different co-ops. Some of the insurgents put carnations in their gun barrels, an image broadcast on television worldwide[22] which gave the revolution its name. The revolutionary period experienced a slowly-growing economy, whose only impetus was its 1986 entrance into the European Economic Community. Housing struggles Spínola called a 'silent majority' demonstration for 28 September. A strange notion of democracy! If it's your first time on the site, or you're looking for something specific, it can be difficult to know where to start. This building was surrounded by the MFA, which pressured him to cede power to General Spínola. The TAP strike was the first large-scale strike after April 25th and the government's response was an indicator of how any of the 'post-fascist' governments would treat workers' struggles. General António dos Santos Ramalho Eannes became the first president of Post-revolutionary Portugal. The country's 1991 per-capita GDP reached 54.9 percent of the EEC average, slightly exceeding the level at the height of the revolutionary period. 23–27. The history of Portugal since the Republican revolution of 1910 to the revolutionary period following the military coup of April 24, 1974, recounted with a marxist perspective, using historic sound and film documents. Lisboa, 2010. When it was discovered that some of the representatives had raised their salaries the union came under a lot of criticism. The new government in Lisbon was no longer inclined to support Portugal's expensive empire, and the Portuguese territories in Africa were rapidly granted independence. The new regime pushed through a rapid and hasty programme of decolonisation. The Witnesses were registered as a religious organisation in December 1976, and organised their first Portuguese international convention in Lisbon in 1978.[40]. Constitution of the Republic of Portugal, 1976. Although the number of casualties was relatively small, the war had entered its second decade; Portugal faced criticism from the international community, and was becoming increasingly isolated. If you don't have permissions to post content yet, just request it here. One Trotskyist paper blamed the lack of revolutionary progress on the fact that there was not a "workers party". In October another 400 companies registered disturbances. It ended the longest dictatorship in Europe, the Estado Novo. If you have an ebook reader or a Kindle, check out our guide to using ebook readers with libcom.org. During the war, Portugal faced increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other international sanctions. The regime maintained a policy of corporatism which resulted in the placement of much of the economy in the hands of a number of strong conglomerates, including those founded by the families of António Champalimaud (Banco Totta & Açores, Banco Pinto & Sotto Mayor, Secil, Cimpor), José Manuel de Mello (Companhia União Fabril), Américo Amorim (Corticeira Amorim) and the dos Santos family (Jerónimo Martins). Caetano and President Américo Tomás fled to Brazil; Caetano spent the rest of his life there, and Tomás returned to Portugal a few years later. Phil Mailer of Solidarity's excellent history and analysis of the Portuguese Revolution from 1974-1976. There was really no political opposition, as Portugal was led by a dictator, Marcello Caetano. Portuguese Diary 2: 1976 - Maurice Brinton. [citation needed], During the 1961–74 Portuguese Colonial War (a counterinsurgency against guerrillas), Portuguese Congo, Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique (colonies at the time) experienced economic growth in the production of oil, coffee, cotton, cashews, coconuts, timber, minerals (including diamonds), metals (such as iron and aluminium), bananas, citrus, tea, sisal, beer, cement, fish and other seafood, beef and textiles. Hundreds of thousands of Portuguese Africans returned to Portugal. The core of the radical students' struggle was an uncompromising defense of the Portuguese Empire and an authoritarian regime. During the summer of 1974 over 400 companies registered disputes. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and an EU member. A consequence of the Carnation Revolution was the sudden withdrawal of Portuguese administrative and military personnel from its overseas colonies. [citation needed], In February 1974, Caetano decided to remove General António de Spínola from the command of Portuguese forces in Guinea in the face of Spínola's increasing disagreement with the promotion of military officers and the direction of Portuguese colonial policy. At the time 400,000 people were unemployed. If the self-proclaimed 'revolutionary parties' could not win enough support to get their members chosen as delegates by their workmates, they were to get seats as of right just because they called themselves "workers parties". Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Marshall, Michael William. When the rural workers saw their opportunity for change they seized it wholeheartedly and began taking over farms, ranches and unused land. [citation needed], After Salazar's stroke in 1968, Caetano took over as prime minister. [2] In Portugal, 25 April is a national holiday (Portuguese: Dia da Liberdade, Freedom Day) which commemorates the revolution. The new constitution called for a single parliamentary legislature, the Assembly of the Republic. Political confrontations were becoming increasingly violent. The ANP, DGS and other state agencies would be disbanded. Portugal's new regime pledged to end the colonial wars, and began negotiations with the African independence movements. After April 25th people began occupying empty property, unwilling to wait for governmental action. Delegates from major industries, and soldiers' and sailors' committees, met with a large contingent of PRP members. A young woman leans on a photo part of a street exhibition in Lisbon showing images of the April 25, 1974 revolution that restored democracy in Portugal. Portugal became a democracy with its first free elections in 1975. [citation needed]. After the revolution workers immediately began struggling against the harsh economic conditions. East Timor was also offered independence, shortly before it was invaded by Indonesia. All in all, the "workers parties" seemed to be more a hindrance than a help to these committees. This occurred shortly after the publication of Spínola's book, Portugal and the Future, which expressed his political and military views of the Portuguese Colonial War. The MFA gave the signals to take over strategic points of power in the country. A lot of ordinary residents stopped attending meetings when they felt they were dominated by a particular group. In 1975 (the year of greatest revolutionary turmoil), Portugal's per-capita GDP declined to 52.3 percent of the EEC average. Portugal commemorates the revolution each year on Freedom Day (Dia da Liberdade) which falls on 25 April. Right-wing officers and civilians were arrested. [18], The Estado Novo regime's economic policy encouraged the formation of large conglomerates. 150,000 people lived in shanty towns, one million had emigrated and infant mortality was nearly 8.5%. In January and April 2009 two libcom news articles were published[1] reporting that the Maoist-led government had expressed their intention to use legislation to ban strikes in some industries.... D.D. Non-Catholic conscientious objectors have the right to apply for alternative military service. [38], The constitution of 1976 guarantees all religions the right to practice, and non-Catholic groups are recognised as legal entities with the right to assemble. [30] The increasing burden of the war effort meant that the government had to find continuous sources of financing. The government, afraid of people's anger, decreed a rent freeze and allocated money and tax exemptions to builders. In Unhais de Serra 1,100 textile workers rid themselves of the management and elected a workers' committee to run the factory. By a treaty signed on 31 December 1974, Portugal recognised the incorporation of former Portuguese India into the Indian Republic. [citation needed], The Companhia União Fabril (CUF) was one of the largest and most-diversified Portuguese conglomerates; its core businesses included cement, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, textiles, beer, beverages, metallurgy, naval engineering, electrical engineering, insurance, banking, paper, tourism and mining. The Aftermath of Portugal's Revolution Is Expensive. Amidst the growing culture of self-management the Proletarian Revolutionary Party started a campaign to launch workers' councils. Portugal joined the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor to the European Union (EU), in 1986. A central gathering point was the Lisbon flower market, then richly stocked with carnations (which were in season). After a brief period of stability, Mozambique became embroiled in a civil war which left it one of the poorest nations in the world. At the beginning of the 1970s, nearly a half-century of authoritarian rule weighed on Portugal. Rural families engaged in agriculture and forestry. [39], The ban on Jehovah's Witnesses activity was abolished. It is estimated that about 380 factories self-managed and 500 co-ops were in operation by the summer of 1975. Machines were taken from a nearby factory to help clear the land. During Caetano's time in office, he made minor attempts at political reform that did not appease those opposing the government. The coup had two secret signals. Citizens who removed the large, brass "Salazar" sign from a main pillar of the bridge and painting a provisional "25 de Abril" in its place were recorded on film. It had become common for assemblies of workers to elect delegates to the committees. The pre-revolutionary period was characterised by robust annual growth in GDP (6.9 percent), industrial production (nine percent), consumption (6.5 percent), and gross fixed capital formation (7.8 percent). View on timesmachine. In this context we republish here an article written in 1975 about the Portuguese revolution. They worked for half of the year and were unemployed for the rest of it. "Working class parties" were invited to join. Like the workers' councils, the co-ops were not revolutionary. [1] The revolution began as a coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement (Portuguese: Movimento das Forças Armadas, MFA), composed of military officers who opposed the regime, but it was soon coupled with an unanticipated, popular civil resistance campaign. Another assembly, held without union officials, drew up a list of demands including the purging of staff who showed "anti-working class attitudes", wage increases and the right to reconsider collective contracts whenever the workers pleased. The libcom library contains nearly 20,000 articles. [26], The Portuguese economy changed significantly between 1961 and 1973. At the same time one third of Portugal's population worked as agricultural labourers. It opened on 6 August 1966 as the Salazar Bridge, named after Estado Novo leader António de Oliveira Salazar. In Angola and Mozambique, independence movements were active in more remote rural areas from which the Portuguese Army had retreated. [William Lomax] In Santarem a meeting of 354 farm workers declared that a massive amount of land was to be occupied. The intensifying class struggle across Europe highlights the need for all revolutionaries to study the revolutionary history of the continent and to digest its main lessons. Workers' struggles Although PIDE (the Estado Novo's political police) killed four people before surrendering, the revolution was unusual because the revolutionaries did not use violence to achieve their goals. Even the workers' committees were little more than workers' self-management of their own exploitation. Under the republic, parliamentary institutions worked poorly and were soon discredited. On April 25th, 1974, a radical faction within the Portuguese Armed Forces, the MFA, revolted against the government. [11], The war became more unpopular in Portugal due to its length and cost, the worsening of diplomatic relations with other United Nations member states, and its role in perpetuating the Estado Novo regime. Get this from a library! Context In the beginnings of 1970, Portugal By the end of October 1974 there was about 2,000 of these committees. [citation needed] The Cold War was near its peak; Western- and Eastern-bloc states were supporting guerrillas in the Portuguese colonies, attempting to bring them under American[citation needed] or Soviet influence. [24] Portugal's first free election was held on 25 April 1975 to write a new constitution replacing the Constitution of 1933, which prevailed during the Estado Novo era. The parties all used the situation to gain political power in the government. Through emigration, trade, tourism and foreign investment, individuals and companies changed their patterns of production and consumption. [citation needed], The war had a profound impact on the country. He was testing the balance of power. Atrocities such as the Wiriyamu Massacre undermined the war's popularity and the government's diplomatic position, although details of the massacre are still disputed. At the beginning the government rarely intervened. Another organisation set up was the Federation of Shanty Town Committees. The hardliners were supported by Tomás, who was unwilling to give Caetano as free a hand as Salazar had. East Timor was invaded by Indonesia, and would be occupied until 1999. The Estado Novo's political police, the PIDE (Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado, later the DGS, Direcção-Geral de Segurança and originally the PVDE, Polícia de Vigilância e Defesa do Estado), persecuted opponents of the regime, who were often tortured, imprisoned or killed. Dr Mario Soares himself would like Portugal to be the hyphen in 'Euro-Africa'. [3] The military-led coup returned democracy to Portugal, ending the unpopular Colonial War (in which thousands of Portuguese citizens had been conscripted into military service) and replacing the Estado Novo regime and its secret police (which curbed civil liberties and political freedom). On July 27, 1970, he died. President Tomás invited Marcello Caetano, one of the architects of the New State, to form a government, but Salazar was never informed of this transition. This showed their very limited idea of what workers are capable of. Any independent initiatives were generally stifled by the left and centre "workers parties". 1976 PORTUGAL silver coin 100 escudos PROOF UNC April 1974 revolution. Though most of them were not revolutionary they were an expression of people's distrust of the 'left parties', the government and the military. Another election was held in 1976 and the first constitutional government, led by centre-left socialist Mário Soares, took office. two coups happened after the revolution. Other workers, armed with pickaxes, arrived in trucks to aid the agricultural labourers and at the end of it over ten major farms were collectivised. Logged in users: ▶ Can comment on articles and discussions The military ordered them out but were forced to back down when the families refused. Ted traces the roots of the revolution as well as analyzing its component parts. After the revolution workers immediately began struggling against the … [9] Red is the colour of socialism and communism, the ideological tendencies of many anti-Estado Novo insurgents. Almeida, Manuel de Jesus. It was independent of political parties and came to represent 150,000 shanty town dwellers. The movement was aided by other Portuguese army officers who supported Spínola and democratic civil and military reform. The real revolution was in the urban workers took control of their workplaces and farm workers took control of their farms and organised production themselves while the parties of the left merely jockeyed for positions of power, eventually killing the revolution. The MFA was headed by Vítor Alves, Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho and Vasco Lourenço, and was joined later by Salgueiro Maia. In 1973 three workers had been murdered by the paramilitary police force during a strike. They had to make a profit and members received different wages. Six hours later, the Caetano government relented. [citation needed], Portugal's Estado Novo government was initially tolerated by its NATO partners due to its anti-communist stance. The Revolution restored their fundamental rights and freedoms to the people of Portugal. One of the most significant of the strikes was within TAP, the semi-state airline. Portugal Table of Contents. Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe avoided civil war during the decolonisation period, and established multi-party political systems by the early 1990s. There were an estimated 102,800 conflict-related deaths from 1974 to 1999 (about 18,600 killings and 84,200 deaths from hunger and illness), most of which occurred during the Indonesian occupation.[25]. By the end of 1974, Portuguese troops were withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea and the latter was a UN member state. Thousands of young men avoided conscription by emigrating illegally, primarily to France and the United States. The first national congress of the right-wing Centro Democratico Social (CDS - based around members of the for… Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. Cambridge University Press, 303 pages, 1986. Gomes, Carlos de Matos, Afonso, Aniceto. The trade unions were relics of the fascist era and were considred treactionary by many. Since 1933, Portugal had been governed by an authoritarian dictatorship, the Estado Novo or New State. Oa anos da Guerra Colonial – Wiriyamu, De Moçambique para o mundo. Portuguese economic growth between 1960 and 1973 (under the Estado Novo regime) created an opportunity for integration with the developed economies of Western Europe despite the colonial war. [36], Real gross domestic product growth resumed as a result of Portugal's economic resurgence since 1985. Portugal remained a colonial power until the mid-1970s, when a peaceful revolution transformed the country from a dictatorship into a democratic republic. Over the next few years Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Cape Verde Islands, Sao Tome and Principe, and Angola all became independent. All international flights were halted. La révolution des Œillets (Revolução dos Cravos en portugais), également surnommée le 25 avril (25 de Abril en portugais) est le nom donné aux événements d'avril 1974 qui ont entraîné la chute de la dictature salazariste qui dominait le Portugal depuis 1933.Elle doit son nom à l'œillet rouge que les conjurés portaient à leur boutonnière en signe de ralliement [2]. [citation needed], Pre-revolutionary Portugal had some social and economic achievements. [27] After a long period of economic decline before 1914, the Portuguese economy recovered slightly until 1950. Restoration of illegally-occupied land began in 1978. After the 28 May 1926 coup d'état, Portugal implemented an authoritarian regime incorporating social Catholicism and integralism. ]; the opposition used the limited political freedoms allowed during the brief election period to protest against the regime, withdrawing their candidates before the election to deny the regime political legitimacy. Unrest within the MFA between leftist forces (often close to the Communist Party) and more-moderate groups (often allied with the Socialists) eventually led to the group's splintering and dissolution. By trying to run things in ways compatible with their ideologies they stifled the spontaneous organisational methods of ordinary folk. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million Portuguese refugees – the retornados.[7][8]. A short history of the revolution in Portugal in which an army rebellion overthrew the fascist dictatorship. Caetano found refuge in the main headquarters of the Lisbon military police, the National Republican Guard, at the Largo do Carmo. ▶ Bookmark articles to your own reading list [citation needed], Other medium-sized family companies specialised in textiles (such as those in Covilhã and the northwest), ceramics, porcelain, glass and crystal (such as those in Alcobaça, Caldas da Rainha and Marinha Grande), engineered wood (such as SONAE, near Porto), canned fish (Algarve and the northwest), fishing, food and beverages (liqueurs, beer and port wine), tourism (in Estoril, Cascais, Sintra and the Algarve) and agriculture (the Alentejo, known as the breadbasket of Portugal) by the early-1970s. The second signal came at 12:20 a.m. on 25 April, when Rádio Renascença broadcast "Grândola, Vila Morena" (a song by Zeca Afonso, an influential political folk musician and singer who was banned from Portuguese radio at the time). Portugal - Portugal - The New State after Salazar: In September 1968 Salazar was incapacitated by a stroke. Left-wing activists began returning from exile, and new political parties sprouted up. In August an assembly of maintenance workers reduced their 44-hour week to 40 hours by refusing to work the extra four hours. ON 26 APRIL, the MFA announced that a ‘junta of national salvation’ would rule until a provisional civil government was formed, with elections within a year. Portugal was the most underdeveloped country in Europe. [19][31][32][33], According to government estimates, about 900,000 hectares (2,200,000 acres) of agricultural land were seized between April 1974 and December 1975 as part of land reform; about 32 percent of the appropriations were ruled illegal. In older working-class and lower-middle-class areas Autonomous Revolutionary Neighbourhood Committees were set up. The revolution was closely watched by neighbouring Spain, where the government (and the opposition) were planning the succession of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco. The two revolutions, that of April 1974 called by some the 'good' revolution in contrast to the tad' revolution of that autumn, moved the centre of politics so far Left that Dr Soares now appears a moderate, indeed an Iberian Callaghan. The Portuguese legislative election of 1976 took place on 25 April, exactly one year after the previous election, and two years after the Carnation Revolution.With a new Constitution approved, the country's main aim was economic recovery and strengthening its democratic institutions. Revolution in Portugal, 1974-1976 : a bibliography. After the coup, power was held by the National Salvation Junta (a military junta). Bei Recherchen zu seinem Film Outro País stieß Regisseur Sérgio Tréfaut auf etwa 40 internationale Dokumentarfilme zur Nelkenrevolution, portugiesische Produktionen nicht mitgezählt. The idea was to have councils based on workplace, boroughs and barracks; and from these local, regional and then a national council would be elected. Immediately after the election, the Salazar government abandoned the practice of popularly electing the president and gave the task to the National Assembly, which was firmly under the regime's control. [full citation needed] In January 1976, The government pledged to restore the illegally-occupied land to its owners in 1976, and enacted the Land Reform Review Law the following year. This page was last edited on 11 February 2021, at 14:44. In Cabanas an abandoned farm was occupied with the help of a local neighbourhood committee. The military revolt created a space where people could effect change in their lives and the opportunity was grasped eagerly. Portugal's experience with democracy before the Revolution of 1974 had not been particularly successful. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17], Many left-wing students and anti-war activists were forced to leave Portugal to escape conscription, imprisonment and torture by government forces. It is speculated that Francisco da Costa Gomes actually led the revolution. The 40-hour week was gradually introduced. Its name arose from the fact that almost no shots were fired, and Celeste Caeiro offered carnations to the soldiers when the population took to the streets to celebrate the end of the dictatorship; other demonstrators followed suit, and carnations were placed in the muzzles of guns and on the soldiers' uniforms. António de Oliveira Salazar served as Prime Minister until 1968, when he had a stroke. Submitted by Kronstadt_Kid on Aug 26 2010 01:20 A second diary by Maurice Brinton describing some experiences in Portugal during 1976. In the exercise of those rights and freedoms, the people's legitimate representatives are gathered to draw up a Constitution that matches the country's aspirations. It read: "Revolution of roses: petals for the bourgeoisie, thorns for the people." The Portuguese constitution was rewritten in 1976 AD to accommodate both socialist and communist p… At the time 400,000 people were unemployed. Sie erreichten jedoch nur selten ein größeres Publikum. Portugal experienced a turbulent period, known as the Processo Revolucionário Em Curso (Ongoing Revolutionary Process). Being new to political work, I was given the safe job of domestic political analysis, and began making my contacts and did a lot of biographic reporting. And as the silent majority evaporated, a dejected Spínola called it off. The Portuguese military was overstretched and there was no political solution in sight.
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