CAS  (2021), Cellular & Molecular Immunology Dies geschieht in Ihren Datenschutzeinstellungen. Viruses 10, 727 (2018). COVID-19 assistance for senior citizens: Dakota at Home, 1-833-663-9673, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Mondays through Fridays. Colorado Avalanche left wing Brandon Saad (2) is congratulated by teammates Mikko Rantanen (96) and Nathan MacKinnon (29) after a goal against the … Swayne, D. E. et al. PubMed Central  A summary of the current literature on COVID-19 animal models. Sci. PubMed  94, 1199 (2020). USA 111, 4970–4975 (2014). Cell Host Microbe 27, 704–709.e2 (2020). 10, 2329 (2019). Cell 181, 1036–1045.e9 (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic reached the U.S. state of New Jersey with the first confirmed case occurring in Bergen County on March 2, 2020 and testing positive on March 4. 10, 914–916 (2004). Here we highlight these recent findings, which may have implications for virus ecology and the evolution of the current pandemic. Mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 reveals inflammatory role of type I interferon signaling. Nature Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) have been shown to be a highly valuable model for testing the pathogenicity and transmission of human respiratory viruses, including influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus44,45. 11, 3496 (2020). PubMed Central  Historically, animal alternatives for studying respiratory viruses have involved in vitro approaches such as cell lines (for example, Vero, A549 and MDCK cell lines) or primary-tissue-derived human cells in conventional cell culture. CAS  The existing animal models have also been valuable for testing vaccines and therapeutic agents. REUTERS/Ivan Pierre https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2024671 (2020). Severity of disease in humanized mice infected with Ebola virus or Reston virus is associated with magnitude of early viral replication in liver. Screengrab: KHOU A … https://de-de.facebook.com/SWRFernsehen/videos/250322196154503 PubMed Central  Infect. 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Virus transmission to cage-mates has also been observed35, which suggests that hamsters may be useful in transmission studies. To ensure such models are able to provide these readouts, it is important to attempt to induce vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease in models of COVID-19 challenge using suboptimal doses of candidate vaccines or antigenic preparations with the goal of inducing the required detrimental immune profile and associated lung pathology. Similarly, a recent study aimed to predict the host range of SARS-CoV-2 through a comparative structural analysis of ACE2 in more than 400 vertebrates. This analysis noted that many predicted affinities of the spike protein for the ACE2 receptor (especially those of dog and pig) did not match the relative natural resistance of the corresponding species to SARS-CoV-2. Hassan, A. O. et al. Emerg. The comparative pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and other highly pathogenic coronaviruses in the non-human primate model. These studies highlight the importance of including age in the selection criteria of animals, as testing treatment options for severe disease require animal models that recapitulate the disease as seen in humans. Zhai, X. et al. Natl Acad. Med. Cell Rep. 30, 1702–1713.e6 (2020). The infection profile of SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets as well as other species, with implications for public health. Here we summarize the findings to date and provides relevant information for preclinical testing of vaccine candidates and therapeutic agents for COVID-19. Dis. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19. Nature 583, 834–838 (2020). PubMed Central  Google Scholar. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U.S. children and adolescents. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the rhesus macaque model. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.06.190066 (2020). A mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. All authors contributed to writing this Review. Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-coronavirus 2. However, while SARS-CoV infection of K18-hACE2 mice results in highly lethal encephalitis, the neurological infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in these mice is less severe. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.07.191775 (2020). Utility of humanized BLT mice for analysis of dengue virus infection and antiviral drug testing. Chandrashekar, A. et al. Pre- and postexposure efficacy of fully human antibodies against Spike protein in a novel humanized mouse model of MERS-CoV infection. Wold, W. S. M. & Toth, K. Chapter three – Syrian hamster as an animal model to study oncolytic adenoviruses and to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral compounds. Barr, I. G., Rynehart, C., Whitney, P. & Druce, J. SARS-CoV-2 does not replicate in embryonated hen’s eggs or in MDCK cell lines. Menachery, V. D. et al. Currently, two non-human-primate studies in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques have focused on the effect of age on infection with SARS-CoV-253,56. Similar models that express human dipeptidyl peptidase 4—the receptor used by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)—have successfully been developed17,18,19. Sci. The induction of innate, humoral and cellular immune responses as well as robust protection against rechallenge has also been reported, which demonstrates the induction of natural protective immunity in this model54. Discovery of novel human and animal cells infected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by replication-specific multiplex reverse transcription-PCR. USA 117, 22311–22322 (2020). Transcriptional correlates of tolerance and lethality in mice predict Ebola virus disease patient outcomes. Verity, R. et al. Infection and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets. Nature 585, 268–272 (2020). 115, 69–92 (2012). This system, which was pioneered in studies of MERS21, allows the transient replication of SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of mice for several days until immune clearance, and it has the advantage that it can be applied quickly to different strains of mice. 383, 334–346 (2020). Nature 586, 509–515 (2020). & Hu, Z. Iwatsuki-Horimoto, K. et al. Domestic poultry and SARS coronavirus, southern China. Euro Surveill. PubMed  Imai, M. et al. Clin. Dose-dependent response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model: evidence of protection to re-challenge. Host genetic diversity enables Ebola hemorrhagic fever pathogenesis and resistance. As of 18 September 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to 215 countries, has infected more than 30 million people and has caused more than 950,000 deaths. Science 346, 987–991 (2014). All of these mice are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, but differences in their expression of human ACE2 result in a pathogenic range of mild to lethal disease. N. Engl. Senate begins marathon COVID-19 relief push as debate opens with reading bill aloud By Angelo Fichera, FactCheck.org. 92, e01693-17 (2018). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats. Nat. CAS  Google Scholar. USA 114, E3119–E3128 (2017). 100, 1065–1075 (2020). In silico comparison of the ACE2 sequence of humans—known to interact with the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein—with that of hamsters35 suggested that Syrian hamsters might be susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Roberts, A. et al. 217, e20201241 (2020). Blanco-Melo, D. et al. Google Scholar. Chan, J. F.-W. et al. Another approach to infect mice with SARS-CoV-2 consists of modifying the mice to express human ACE2. Today’s lethal COVID-19 emergency, which has killed 11,000 Canadians with no end in sight, is a disaster far worse than inflation—yet Pierre Trudeau’s son appears paralyzed. It is likely that additional efforts aimed at adapting SARS-CoV-2 to mice will result in the outgrowth of additional virus variants that can cause more severe disease. Nature 583, 830–833 (2020). Yu, J. et al. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.09.196188 (2020). Although most individuals subsequently resolve the infection, the disease may also progress to severe pneumonia. Viruses 12, 779 (2020). A caveat of hamster models is the lack of research tools for this species—these remain scarce when compared (for example) with those available for mice. In future studies, it will be important to define key outcome measures that would allow comparison between candidate interventions in animal models and humans. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Osterrieder, N. et al. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2608-y (2020). Sanchez-Felipe, L. et al. Dis. 88, 2205–2218 (2014). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Supporting pandemic response using genomics and bioinformatics: a case study on the emergent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Natl Acad. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2708-8 (2020). The nearest airport is Dole - Jura Airport, 9.3 mi from De Pierre … Shi, Z. Efficient transmission occurred from experimentally infected ferrets to naive cage-mates; transmission from exposed ferrets to companion ferrets that were separated by steel grids did occur, but was not efficient49,51. Netland, J., Meyerholz, D. K., Moore, S., Cassell, M. & Perlman, S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. volume 586, pages509–515(2020)Cite this article. Damit Verizon Media und unsere Partner Ihre personenbezogenen Daten verarbeiten können, wählen Sie bitte 'Ich stimme zu.' Note: Community Celebration Series performances are at Flagler Auditorium, 5500 East Hwy. Although cats may represent a suitable model for asymptomatic-to-moderate COVID-19, before they are used as such we should be sure that the benefits outweigh the concerns of using companion animals for research; furthermore, cats are difficult to handle in biosafety level-3 containment, and are not a standard animal model. Minor alterations in haematological parameters, such as mild lymphopenia and neutrophilia, have also been observed. Bosco-Lauth, A. M. et al. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.13.039917 (2020). Sci. Non-human-primate models have been explored for COVID-19 in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). This map shows the risk level of attending an event, given the event size and location. Tickets for each show are $32 plus … The susceptibility of both cats and dogs to natural and experimental infection with SARS-CoV-2 strongly suggests that antibody testing in these species could be a useful tool for epidemiological studies, in particular in areas with high density of cases of COVID-19 in humans. Shi, J. et al. Neither chickens nor ducks appear to represent suitable animal models for studies of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, these mice develop evidence of thrombosis and anosmia after infection with SARS-CoV-2 and have been used for studies of the innate and T cell responses16. Comparative pathogenesis of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS in a nonhuman primate model. (KTAL/KMSS) – Due to predicted severe weather in northwest Louisiana, LSU Health Shreveport has rescheduled its COVID-19 vaccination clinics scheduled in the upcoming week. There have been concerns that coronaviruses might pose a risk of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease or antibody-dependent enhancement of virus entry and replication in cells bearing the Fc receptor83. The predominant histopathology findings in SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets euthanized at the peak of virus replication include inflammation within alveolar spaces and perivascular mononuclear inflammation. Many readers grew nostalgic this week, sharing memories of watching movies such as “Grease,” “Titanic” and “Young Frankenstein” at Bethlehem’s Boyd Theatre. Li, K. et al. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2607-z (2020). Chau, V. Q. et al. However, several experimental infections performed in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) by different research groups indicate that this species is not susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in vivo49,50. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. J. Virol. Miao, J., Chard, L. S., Wang, Z. The group found that viral RNA or genome copy numbers measured by quantitative PCR assays were three-to-four orders of magnitude higher than infectious virus titres measured by cell culture assays, and thus combining cytopathogenic effect or plaque assays with the PCR-based quantification of viral RNA is a prudent approach to evaluating virus shedding and the potential for virus transmission. 42, 3196–3206 (2004). These findings are similar to those previously reported for SARS-CoV infection in this model32. 100, Palm Coast. Spengler, J. R. et al. Natl Acad. Natl Acad. Richard, M. et al. The pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in hACE2 transgenic mice. Thus, aged hamsters and male hamsters seem to develop a more severe disease than young and female hamsters, respectively37,38. Sci. In humans, infection with SARS-CoV-2 in older individuals is associated with an adverse clinical outcome. Ji, H.-L., Zhao, R., Matalon, S. & Matthay, M. A. Elevated plasmin(ogen) as a common risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.14.096727 (2020). A SARS-CoV-2 infection model in mice demonstrates protection by neutralizing antibodies. The … An alternative approach that mirrors the tissue-specific expression of human ACE2 is to substitute the Ace2 gene with the human ACE2 gene. Finch, C. L. et al. Microbiol. Si, L. et al. Characteristic and quantifiable COVID-19-like abnormalities in CT- and PET/CT-imaged lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis). It is thus not surprising that the ferret model has been investigated for studies of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Future studies will need to standardize challenge stocks, assays and protocols to allow comparisons of different candidate interventions. Employee at Krause Gateway Center in Des Moines Tests Positive for COVID-19. Histologically, inflammatory infiltrates with abundant expression of viral antigen and apoptosis were observed in the upper and lower respiratory tract, starting at 2 days after infection, being at their most severe at 4 days after infection and resolving at 14 days after infection. All of these models will be useful for the evaluation of vaccines and antiviral agents, and some share features with the human disease. Microbiol. PLoS Pathog. Both experimentally infected and contact cats seroconverted. Remarkably, he told me in Spanish: “Keep the faith.” Archbishop Pierre is … Daten über Ihr Gerät und Ihre Internetverbindung, darunter Ihre IP-Adresse, Such- und Browsingaktivität bei Ihrer Nutzung der Websites und Apps von Verizon Media. Dis. Infect. Mice sensitized via AAV-hACE2 delivery are also susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2, but virus replication seems to be lower than in mice transduced with Ad5-hACE223. Several strategies have been developed to solve this problem, as detailed here. Ferrets also are able to transmit virus efficiently to uninfected ferrets in experimental settings. Infect. Human organs-on-chips as tools for repurposing approved drugs as potential influenza and COVID19 therapeutics in viral pandemics. 94, e00127-20 (2020). In silico data suggested that swine ACE2 should bind the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Comparison of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein binding to ACE2 receptors from human, pets, farm animals, and putative intermediate hosts. Gao, Q. et al. In hamsters, SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with high levels of virus replication and histopathological evidence of disease, which included ground-glass opacities and evidence of gas in the cavity surrounding the lungs38. 383, 592–594 (2020). Standardization of these measurements will be important for the future evaluation of vaccines and therapeutic agents. You can reduce the risk that one case becomes many by wearing a mask, distancing, and gathering outdoors in smaller groups The risk level is the estimated chance (0-100%) that at least 1 COVID-19 positive individual will be present at an event in a county, given the size of the event. F1000Res. Susceptibility of pigs and chickens to SARS coronavirus. Sun, S.-H. et al. J. Virol. No clinical signs and no clear evidence of virus replication have been observed in pigs. van Doremalen, N. et al. As they grapple with new realities, … PubMed Central  Higher viral loads were also detected in lung tissue of aged rhesus macaques. In addition to animal models that are more commonly used in infectious disease research, recent studies have characterized infection with SARS-CoV-2 in other animals. & Wang, Y. Syrian hamster as an animal model for the study on infectious diseases. Animal models for COVID-19. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Emerg. Lung disease was also demonstrated by computed tomography. Emerg. Proc. Additional charges may apply. SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs of human ACE2 transgenic mice causes severe inflammation, immune cell infiltration, and compromised respiratory function. The immune system is always active, carrying out surveillance, but its activity is enhanced if an individual becomes infected. Therefore, owing to their importance as livestock and the enormous global number of pigs, it may be important for future studies to address the putative susceptibility of additional pig breeds to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Pathogenesis, transmission and response to re-exposure of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats. This method thus allows quantitative monitoring of disease without the need to euthanize the animals. REUTERS/Ivan Pierre The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 can be modified to gain effective binding to mouse ACE2. J. Infect. et al. To obtain PubMed  Internet Explorer). Comparison of transgenic and adenovirus hACE2 mouse models for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pascal, K. E. et al. Alternatively, SARS-CoV-2 can be adapted to infect mouse cells by using reverse genetics to modify the receptor-binding domain of the virus so that it can infect mouse cells via the mouse ACE2 protein. Ackermann, M. et al. Animal models are needed to assess vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease, and the establishment of a positive control for this disease will be important. Nature 579, 183 (2020). Clinical signs were absent, but rhinitis could be detected by immunohistology49. These mice developed clinical disease, as characterized by changes in body scoring (hunching) and weight loss. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.05.079095 (2020). De Pierre et de Lumière has a garden and sun terrace. Israelow, B. et al. Biotechnol. Age-related rhesus macaque models of COVID-19. Proc. Conversely, previous studies have reported infection with SARS-CoV in pigs67. Recent studies have reported the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of several candidates for a COVID-19 vaccine in the rhesus macaque model57,58,59,60,61. Transbound. Since SARS-CoV-2 emerged in the human population in late 2019, it has spread via human-to-human transmission to most countries in the world, leading to a coronavirus pandemic of an unprecedented scale. Conversely, previous studies showed that a SARS-like coronavirus did not replicate in fruit bats after experimental inoculation77. MathSciNet  Google Scholar. CAS  Med. In addition, haematological changes—with evidence of T cell activation, mild lymphopenia and neutrophilia—have been observed in infected non-human primates. Evidence of the shedding of live virus has been found in both the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. van Doremalen, N. et al. 133, 74–87 (2008). Only mild clinical disease has been reported in non-human primates, and insufficient comparable data exist at this time to determine whether there is more clinical disease in rhesus macaques, cynomolgus macaques or African green monkeys. Isolation of potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and protection from disease in a small animal model. McCray, P. B. Jr et al. J. Virol. As of January 14, 2021, 576,720 cases were confirmed in the state, incurring 18,543 deaths.. On March 9, Governor Phil Murphy declared a state of emergency. Rathnasinghe, R. et al. Collaborative Cross mice were previously used with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV to identify mechanisms of pathogenesis and genetic loci that determine susceptibility28. Fatal swine acute diarrhoea syndrome caused by an HKU2-related coronavirus of bat origin. Williamson, B. N. et al. ciaa325 (2020). FILE - In this Feb. 23, 2014, file photo Jason Ravnsborg speaks in Sioux Falls, S.D. PubMed  A study that shows that transgenic mice that express human ACE2 undergo severe disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection. A concern is that different challenge stocks were used in each of these studies, and may have contributed to the considerable variation in magnitude, consistency and duration of viral replication observed in the control groups in some of these studies. 81, 1162–1173 (2007). Chen, W. et al. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted between hamsters via close contact and non-contact routes35,39. PubMed  Rare viruses in the swarm that contain mutations in the spike protein that increase their binding affinity to mouse ACE2 are expected to be selected, owing to their higher levels of replication in mouse lungs. Gralinski, L. E. et al. Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2. J. Med. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.07.242073 (2020). Science 369, 812–817 (2020). Gillim-Ross, L. et al. Yahoo ist Teil von Verizon Media. Anamnestic immune responses were observed in some studies, but not others, following challenge, which suggests that protection is often mediated by rapid immunological control but that complete protection may also be possible. Physiol. However, owing to their close contact to humans, additional studies—for example, on environmental contamination (cages, beds, food and water bowls, litterboxes and so on) or on transmission efficiency—may be important to inform veterinary and public health authorities about the risk of cats as intermediate hosts or virus carriers at the interface between SARS-CoV-2, humans and animals. J. Virol. High-resolution micro-computed tomography scans showed airway dilation and substantial consolidations in the lungs of infected hamsters36. … The imperfect cytokine storm: severe COVID-19 with ARDS in a patient on durable LVAD support. Pre-pandemic studies that assessed the potential emergence of SARS-like coronaviruses in bats indicated that some of these viruses were able to use several orthologues of human ACE2 for docking and entry73,74. 25, 1016 (2020). This study provides evidence that natural infection protects against SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge in non-human primates. Google Scholar. Han, Y. et al. Virology 479–480, 259–270 (2015). There are currently three transgenic mouse models, in which human ACE2 is under the expression of a tissue-specific promoter (for example, the Krt18 promoter for epithelial cells10; K18-hACE2 mice), a universal promoter (cytomegalovirus enhancer followed by the chicken β-actin promoter11) or the endogenous mouse Ace2 promoter12. J. Virol. Peer review information Nature thanks Linda Saif and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Sci. Virus replication in ferrets appears to be restricted to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles At present, no mouse model recapitulates all aspects of COVID-19 in humans, especially the unusual features such as the pulmonary vascular disease and hyperinflammatory syndromes observed in adults and children, respectively29,30. This method is successful because populations of RNA viruses consist of a swarm of closely related viral quasispecies. Mouse-adapted MERS coronavirus causes lethal lung disease in human DPP4 knockin mice. Damas, J. et al. A comparative pathogenesis study that compares host immune responses and pathophysiology hallmarks of SARS-CoV-2 infections in several animal models. SHREVEPORT, La. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Studies from several laboratories have shown high levels of viral replication for 7–14 days (including both viral RNA and infectious virus) in both the upper and lower respiratory tract, pathological features of viral pneumonia and the variable induction of mild clinical disease52,53,54,55. SARS-associated coronavirus transmitted from human to pig. Veljkovic, V., Vergara-Alert, J., Segalés, J. Because studies in hamsters can be completed quickly and in a cost-effective manner, there is an increasing interest in the use of this model for screening of therapeutic agents. Sia, S. F. et al. Preprint at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3578792 (2020). Viral RNA is readily detected in the respiratory tract and other tissues (such as the small intestine), which could be useful for the evaluation of therapeutic agents and vaccines. These data show discrepancies between the predicted susceptibilities to infection and those experimentally observed; ferrets, for example, were predicted to have a very low susceptibility to infection81. aus oder wählen Sie 'Einstellungen verwalten', um weitere Informationen zu erhalten und eine Auswahl zu treffen. Although there are discrepancies in the estimated case-to-fatality ratio of COVID-19 in humans, it is clear that severity is age-stratified and that the case-to-fatality ratio in patients over 65 years of age is probably higher than 1%1. To test these and other potential medical countermeasures, it is imperative to identify animal models for COVID-19 that provide measurable readouts for potential interventions and that use representative virus isolates6. Tseng, C.-T. K. et al. Front. A mouse model for MERS coronavirus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Some mice appear to succumb to severe pneumonia, at times at which the brain infection is not substantial15. Please note that all special requests cannot be guaranteed and are subject to availability upon check-in. Dis. Many of the pathogenesis studies described in this Review have also highlighted an important caveat in COVID-19 research, which are the methods used to measure virus replication. Under the umbrella of the WHO, the WHO-COM is fostering the development of animal models for COVID-19 through international exchange of protocols, unpublished data and ideas across many laboratories in the world. Emerg. Disease progression can then involve acute respiratory distress syndrome and—in some cases—an inflammatory syndrome that resembles septic shock. Upon infection with SARS-CoV-2, mice transduced with Ad5-hACE2 develop a widespread infection of the lungs and histopathological changes that are consistent with viral pneumonia. 67, 1453–1462 (2020). Google Scholar. Following mucosal exposure to SARS-CoV-2, clinical alterations in ferrets are undetectable or mild and may include lethargy, nasal discharge, wheezing, oropharyngeal build-up of mucus, sneezing and loose stools46. As discussed in this Review, a number of studies have been conducted—many of them by members of the WHO-COM—that indicate that some of the animal models support viral replication. (2021), Cell Communication and Signaling J. Clin. Ana María Henao-Restrepo or Dan H. Barouch. All hamsters that have been challenged by different groups and with different SARS-CoV-2 isolates consistently showed signs of respiratory distress, including laboured breathing35,36. PubMed Central  Expression of chemokines and cytokines in the lungs of hamsters peaked at four days after infection, and then gradually resolved by seven days after infection. The pandemic pipeline. Dr. Pierre Kory on having COVID-19 research censored by Big Tech March 3, 2021, 3:40 AM President of the FLCCC Alliance responds to coronavirus cancel culture on 'Fox & Friends First.' Large-scale clinical trials are currently underway to test multiple candidate preventative and therapeutic interventions in humans. In this Review, we provide a summary of the current literature on animal models for COVID-19 (Table 1, Supplementary Table 1) that includes studies generated by the WHO-COM group since February 2020, which we hope will serve to facilitate further preclinical analysis of vaccines and therapeutic agents.
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