[58] The plan is split into two phases. The major portion of the balance comes from Laos, which points to a major distinction in the low-flow hydrology of the river. This new port has generated a renewed focus on the Mekong River as a trade route. In 1996 China and Myanmar became "dialogue partners" of the MRC and the six countries now work together in a cooperative framework. Soil erosion has been a major problem and approximately 50% of the sediment in the river comes from the upper basin. The mean annual flow entering the lower Mekong from China is equivalent to a relatively modest 450 mm depth of runoff. Their chief finding was that the Mekong had too many falls and rapids to ever be useful for navigation. The tributary river systems in this part of the basin are small. The two rivers, the Bassac to the west and the Mekong to the east, enter Vietnam shortly after this. The dry season contribution from Yunnan is much more significant. Despite the U.S. warnings, officials at the Mekong River Commission say it welcomes cooperation with the LMC and China. In Vietnam, since the year 2000 Mỹ Thuận Bridge crosses the first channel—the left, main branch of the Mekong, the Sông Tiền or Tiền Giang—near VÄ©nh Long and since 2008 Rạch Miễu Bridge crosses it near Mỹ Tho, between the provinces of Tiền Giang and Bến Tre. This has implications for the occurrence of drought conditions. From the Golden Triangle tripoint, the Mekong turns southeast to briefly form the border of Laos with Thailand. The second phase (2020–2025) involves navigational improvements from Simao in China to 243 border posts in China and Myanmar, a distance of 259 km. Kuenzer, C., P. Leinenkugel, M. Vollmuth and S. Dech (2014): Comparing global land-cover products – implications for geoscience applications: an investigation for the trans-boundary Mekong Basin. They urge an immediate moratorium on new construction and a shift to solar and other forms of renewable energy, already highly competitive and faster to install. The Mekong basin is not normally considered a seismically active area as much of the basin is underlain by the relatively stable continental block. Many hydrological aspects of the lower basin start to change rapidly at the downstream boundary of this reach. Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta (= Springer Environmental Science and Engineering). In 2000, the governments of China, Laos, Thailand and Myanmar signed a Agreement on Commercial Navigation on Lancang-Mekong River among the Governments of the People’s Republic of China,the Lao People’s Democratic Republic,the Union of Myanmar and the Kingdom of Thailand which is the mechanism for cooperation with regard to riverine trade on the upper stretches of the Mekong. The last glacial period came to an abrupt end about 19,000 years ago (19 ka) when sea levels rose rapidly, reaching a maximum of about 4.5 m above present levels in the early Holocene about 8 ka. China joined the following year and signed up to the “Lancang-Mekong Cooperation” in 2016. The Mun-Chi river system from the right bank in Thailand enters the mainstream within this reach. Thailand will be impacted, as its fish stocks in the Mekong will decline by 55%, Laos will be reduced by 50%, Cambodia by 35%, and Vietnam by 30%. Phnom Penh Post 28th Feb 2021 Uploaded Date: 1st Mar 2021 . [4] In Thai and Lao, Mae Nam ("Mother of Water[s]") is used for large rivers and Khong is the proper name referred to as "River Khong". European interest was sporadic: the Spanish and Portuguese mounted some missionary and trade expeditions, while the Dutch Gerrit van Wuysthoff led an expedition up the river as far as Vientiane in 1641–42. 2747–2751. [39][43][44][45] An estimated two million tonnes of fish are landed a year, in addition to almost 500,000 tonnes of other aquatic animals. The Third Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge opened for traffic on 11 November 2011, connecting Nakhon Phanom Province (Thailand) and Thakhek (Laos), as part of Asian Highway 3. Vientiane, Lao PDR, 12 February 2021 — Mekong River … The Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge (Thai: สะพานมิตรภาพ ไทย-ลาว; RTGS: saphan mittra phap thai-lao) connects Nong Khai city with Vientiane in Laos. Syed Husain Haider / Khmer Times Share: The government of Japan has donated $2.9 million for the Mekong River Commission’s monitoring and forecasting functions. [17], Typically, such patterns develop in basins with gentle slopes where the underlying geological structure is fairly homogenous and stable, exerting little or no control on river morphology. [43][44][48] They provide a principal form of income for numerous people and act as a safety net and coping strategy in times of poor agricultural harvests or other difficulties. The Mekong River Commission (MRC) said on Monday that levels on the Mekong River have risen “slightly” and its looking into why its outflow data from Chinese dams upstream differed from data later given by Beijing. A European map of 1563 depicts the river, although even by then little was known of the river upstream of the delta. [12] More than half of Cambodia remains covered with mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forest, but forest cover has decreased from 73% in 1973 to 63% in 1993. [12], Flows at Chiang Saen entering the lower basin from Yunnan make up about 15% of the wet season flow at Kratie. Japan has provided nearly $3 million in grants to the Mekong River Commission (MRC) to fund the implementation of its new strategic plan to monitor the water level of the Mekong River and promote sustainable development. When the Mekong floods, the flow reverses: the floodwaters of the Mekong flow up the Tonle Sap. These deflected deposition south-eastwards in the direction of the Cà Mau Peninsula, which is one of the most recent features of the delta. The Bassac River is the first and main distributary of the Mekong. The two-lane, 12-metre-wide (39 ft), 1,600-metre-long (5,200 ft) bridge opened to the public on 9 January 2007. The Mekong, or Mekong River, is a trans-boundary river in East Asia and Southeast Asia.It is the world's tenth longest river and the sixth longest in Asia. The vital waterway has turned blue along the Thai-Laos border, from According to reports by the Mekong River Commission (MRC), the water outflow from the Jinghong hydropower station in China’s Yunnan province has been dropping to ‘worrying’ levels due to PRC’s power grid maintenance. [12], As the Mekong enters Cambodia, over 95% of its flows have already joined the river. The bridge opened for traffic on 11 December 2001. The Prek Tamak Bridge, 40 km north of Phnom Penh opened in 2010. Broadly, navigation of the river is divided between upper and lower Mekong, with the "upper" part of the river defined as the stretch north of the Khone Falls in southern Laos and the "lower" part as the stretch below these falls. DOI: 10.3390/rs5020687. Both drought and flood are common hazards in the Delta, which many people believe is the most sensitive to upstream hydrological change. Aquatic biodiversity in the Mekong River system is the second highest in the world after the Amazon. 1999 wurde ein Teil des Mekong unter der Bezeichnung Middle Stretches of the Mekong River north of Stoeng Treng als Schutzgebiet der Ramsar-Konvention ausgewiesen. Studies of the provenance of sediments in the Mekong delta reveal a major switch in the source of sediments about eight million years ago (Ma). Khon Pi Long is a series of rapids along a 1.6-kilometre section of the Mekong River dividing Chiang Rai and Bokeo Province in Laos. Reach 2 is dominated in both wet and dry seasons by the Yunnan Component. The main exports from Thailand are dried longan, fish oil, rubber products, and consumables. Then the Mekong meets the China–Myanmar border and flows about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) along that border until it reaches the tripoint of China, Myanmar and Laos. Hanoi Agreement between Cambodia and Viet Nam on Waterway Transportation, 13 December 1998. In Yunnan Province in China, the river and its tributaries are confined by narrow, deep gorges. DOI: 10.1007/s11625-012-0195-z. The first European to encounter the Mekong was the Portuguese Antonio de Faria in 1540. [44] This value increases considerably when the multiplier effect is included, but estimates vary widely. Narrower and more turbulent sections of water in the upstream parts of the Mekong River, coupled with large annual water level variations continue to present a challenge to navigation. Here the mainstream begins to break up into an increasing number of branches. [12], The Mekong delta in Vietnam is farmed intensively and has little natural vegetation left. This was succeeded by the Khmer culture Chenla state around the 5th century. Cần ThÆ¡ Bridge crosses the second channel—the right, main distributary of the Mekong, the Bassac (Song Hau). The Mekong is one of them. It originates in the "three rivers source area" on the Tibetan Plateau in the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve. Whether or not China’s 11 dams are harming downstream nations dependent on the 4,350 km (2,700 mile) river has […] Once more, it defines the Laos-Thailand border for some 850 kilometres (530 mi) as it flows first east, passing the capital of Laos, Vientiane, then turns south. Even as far downstream as Kratie, the Yunnan component makes up almost 30% of the average dry season flow. In: Remote Sensing 5, pp. The Mekong River Commission (MRC) said the water level there had already dropped by about two metres between January 2 and 4. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. Thereafter, it turns and runs more or less directly south, crossing into Cambodia. Phnom Penh itself has no bridge under construction yet, although two new bridges have recently opened on the Tonle Sap, and the main bridge on the highway to Ho Chi Minh was duplicated in 2010. Key features of flow behaviour are tidal influences and salt water intrusion. Nearly all the ships carrying cargo to and from Chiang Saen Port are 300 DWT Chinese flag vessels. "China could, in short, use its dams to 'weaponize water'". When the Mekong is low, the Tonle Sap is a tributary: water flows from the lake and river into the Mekong. At Phnom Penh the river is joined on the right bank by the river and lake system the Tonlé Sap. Only the Amazon boasts a higher level of bio-diversity. [12], The internal drainage patterns of the Mekong are unusual when compared to those of other large rivers. [3], No other river is home to so many species of very large fish. The mountainous landscape means that only 16% of the country is farmed under lowland terrace or upland shifting cultivation. According to reports by the Mekong River Commission (MRC), the water outflow from the Jinghong hydropower station in China’s Yunnan province has been dropping to ‘worrying’ levels due to PRC’s power grid maintenance. Syed Husain Haider / Khmer Times Share: The government of Japan has donated $2.9 million for the Mekong River Commission’s monitoring … [12], Reach 5: Kratie to Phnom Penh. The Mekong River Commission has warned that a break in the Luang Prabang dam, which is expected to become fully operational in 2027, could lead … "To help the Lower Mekong countries manage risks more effectively, we call on China and the Lower Mekong countries themselves to share their water release plans with us,” Winai said. The seasonal variations in water level directly affect trade in this section of the river. [12], Reach 4: Pakse to Kratie. [3] In 2009, Mekong trade received a significant boost with the opening of a new deep-water port at Cai Mep in Vietnam. These mother vessels sail directly to Europe or the United States, which means that goods can be shipped internationally to and from Phnom Penh with only a single transshipment at Cai Mep. The Mekong is the fastest growing large river basin in the world in terms of hydropower construction. For much of its length the Mekong flows through bedrock channels, i.e., channels that are confined or constrained by bedrock or old alluvium in the bed and riverbanks. The present river morphology of the Mekong Delta developed over the last 6,000 years. At Pakse, for example, flood season flows during August would exceed 20,000 cubic metres per second nine years out of ten, but exceed 34,000 m3/s only one year in ten. Phnom Penh also marks the beginning of the delta system of the Mekong River. The saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) once ranged from the Mekong Delta up the river into Tonle Sap and beyond but is now extinct in the river, along with being extinct in all of Vietnam and possibly even Cambodia. The main hydrological contributions to the mainstream in this reach come from the Se Kong, Se San, and Sre Pok catchments. De Mekong ontspringt op het Tibetaanse Hoogland bij de stad Chamdo in Tibet en mondt met de Mekong-delta uit in de Zuid-Chinese Zee.De rivier is 4909 kilometer lang (sommige bronnen geven een kortere lengte van 4350 km) en wordt beschouwd als een van de belangrijke rivieren in Azië.De rivier loopt achtereenvolgens door de landen China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodja en Vietnam. The seasonal cycle of changing water levels at Phnom Penh results in the unique "flow reversal" of water into and out of the Great Lake via the Tonle Sap River. [12], Table 1: Country share of Mekong River Basin (MRB) and water flows[12], By taking into account hydrological regimes, physiography land use, and existing, planned and potential resource developments, the Mekong is divided into six distinct reaches:[12], Reach 1: Lancang Jiang or Upper Mekong River in China. Japanese grant to support Mekong River monitoring. However, levels dropped again in February and were 800 cubic metres per second as of Thursday, the MRC said. [12], On 19 July 2019 this reach of the river dropped to its lowest level in a century. [56], Critics fear that China's ability to control the Mekong's flow gives it leverage over downstream nations who rely on China's goodwill. [57] Local groups have countered that native inhabitants already operate their boats year-round and that the plan to blast the rapids is not about making life better for local people, but about enabling year-round traffic of large Chinese commercial boats.
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