[7] The campaign cost the British between 5 and 13 million pounds sterling (between 18 and $48 billion in 2020 U.S. dollars)[8] which led to an economic crisis in British India in 1833.[9]. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. 15. George Orwell, who was born in the Bengal region, was one of the rare writers who chose to return to that edge of the empire, employed as a police officer for the British raj. The revolt was crushed. Burma achieved independence from British rule on 4 January 1948. Efforts were also undertaken to increase the representation of Burmese in the civil service. [20] Lord Mountbatten realised that a trial was an impossibility considering Aung San's popular appeal. They were later superseded by the General Council of Burmese Associations (GCBA) which was linked with Wunthanu athin or National Associations that sprang up in villages throughout Burma Proper. We’re about the last Club in Burma to hold out against ‘em.’” Orwell’s novel neatly skewers “those Englishmen – common, unfortunately – who should never be allowed to set foot in the East”. To prepare the new land for cultivation, farmers borrowed money from Indian moneylenders called chettiars at high interest rates, as British banks would not grant mortgages. He had time for only two stops in the city: that “beautiful winking wonder” the Shwedagon Pagoda, and the Pegu Club. "Between the rising and setting of the sun," one missionary wrote, "a foreigner should not leave his house without the shelter of a carriage or palanquin or a thick umbrella. The map highlights British India in pink and the Princely States in yellow from 1919-1947. Japan never succeeded in fully conquering all of the colony, however, and insurgent activity was pervasive, though not as much of an issue as it was in other former colonies. Barbara Crossete wrote the Great Hill Stations of Asia , despite the awful government Burma remains "blessed by nature, where there are always things to eat or sell and the means to live in dignity." The movement became known as Htaung thoun ya byei ayeidawbon (the '1300 Revolution' named after the Burmese calendar year),[17] and 20 December, the day the first martyr Aung Kyaw fell, commemorated by students as 'Bo Aung Kyaw Day'.[19]. //\\. It spread to Mandalay leading to the formation of the All Burma Students Union. Harvey wrote in his chapter on Burma in the Cambridge History of the British Empire: : 21–26. The Pegu Club had become the sidelines from which the empire was run. The Britain-Burma Society aims to be politically neutral and has as its objective the fostering of friendship and understanding between British people and Burmese people, especially in exchange of cultural and social relations between the two countries. The British built 96 hill stations in India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Burma. Among these were the provinces of Bengal, Bombay, Burma, Madras, Punjab, Assam and United Provinces, encompassing portions of present-day India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. 1 March 2010. British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the successive three Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of Burma as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. However, in order to prepare the new land for cultivation, farmers were forced to borrow money from Indian moneylenders called chettiars at high interest rates and were often foreclosed on and evicted losing land and livestock. Method for treating and avoiding disease left a lot to be desired. The few precious years of democracy after Britain left, peacefully, are "looked back on as the golden age of the Burmese middle classes", Thant writes. 1 March 2010. Print. Thus, after three wars gaining various parts of the country, the British occupied all the area of present-day Myanmar, making the territory a Province of British India on 1 January 1886.[5][10]. They staged a strike in 1936 which was notable because it was during this strike that Thakin Nu and Aung San joined the movement. Print. Sir Hubert Rance as the new governor, and the Rangoon police went on strike. As Rudyard Kipling recalled after his one visit to Rangoon in 1889 as a young newspaperman, the club was “full of men on their way up or down”. Jstor. At the same time, the monarchy was given legitimacy by the Sangha, and monks as representatives of Buddhism gave the public the opportunity to understand national politics to a greater degree. Mid 19th century engraved map with original outline hand color. The guerillas fought hard against the foreigners, but were often captured and punished harshly. These records comprise the archives of the East India Company (1600-1858), the Board of Control or Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India (1784 – 1858), the India Office (1858-1947), the Burma Office (1937-1947), and a number of related British agencies. Aung San and Nu subsequently joined the Thakin movement progressing from student to national politics. [5], Burma's annexation ushered in a new period of economic growth. Ba Maw served as the first prime minister of Burma, but he was forced out by U Saw in 1939, who served as prime minister from 1940 until he was arrested on 19 January 1942 by the British for communicating with the Japanese. [citation needed] As Burma had been one of the first Southeast Asian countries to adopt Buddhism on a large scale, it continued under the British as the officially patronised religion of most of the population. It also survived the battle for independence, the socialist era and the emergence of a new, democratic Myanmar. Fifteen thousand European and Indian soldiers died, together with an unknown number of Burmese army and civilian casualties. Burma chose to become a fully independent republic, and not a British Dominion upon independence. The British made southern Burma into one of the world’s largest rice exporting regions and also exploited rubies and other products that they sold on the world market. The British built railways and ports, and many British companies grew wealthy trading in teak and rice. Tucker, Shelby. The economic nature of society also changed drastically. To increase the production of rice, many Burmese migrated from the northern heartland to the delta, shifting the population concentration and changing the basis of wealth and power.[5]. Simla, the largest hill station, was the capital of British India for most of the year and headquarters for the imperial army. The image which the English people were meant to uphold in these communities was a huge burden and the majority of them carried expectations all the way from Britain with the intention of maintaining their customs and rule. Our Mission. For the majority of the population, trade was not as important as self-sufficient agriculture, but the country's position on major trade routes from India to China meant that it did gain a significant amount of money from facilitating foreign trade. [17][22] Since then 19 July has been commemorated since as Martyrs' Day in Burma. The British colony of Burma was part of the British run-state in India, the Empire of India, from 1824 to 1937.Burma was separated from the rest of … Naturally cool air proved to be the perfect remedy for world where air conditioning, insect repellant and antibiotics had not been invented. Burma achieved independence from British rule on 4 January 1948. Many dropped dead in the first six months from cholera, malaria, heatstroke, small pox, cobra bites or accidents. The British ruled Burma as a part of India from 1919 until 1937. (See George Orwell's novel Burmese Days for a fictional account of the British in Burma.) George Orwell’s time in Burma was essential for the development of his political consciousness, as he went from being a rebellious but naïve young man to a disaffected member of the British Imperial class. Saya San joined the extreme nationalist faction of the General Council of Burmese Associations led by U Soe Thein. 1858-1947 - British Raj. Membership was open to “all gentlemen interested in general society”, the club’s rules stated, but in practice that meant whites only. After that the British community became more self-sufficient and more insular and separated from the India community. The last monarch, the cruel king Thibaw and his queen, were exiled to India: carried out of Mandalay in an oxcart. Indian merchants traveled along the coasts and rivers (especially the Irrawaddy River) throughout the regions where the majority of Burmese lived, bringing Indian cultural influences into the country that still exist there today. The region under British control was known as British Burma. +. The traditional Burmese economy was one of redistribution with the prices of the most important commodities set by the state and supply and demand mostly unimportant. The British Raj in India ... Indian troops fought in Burma, North Africa, Italy, and elsewhere. In both of these types of schools, Buddhism and traditional Burmese culture were frowned upon in an attempt to rid the Burmese people of a cultural unity separate from the British. [17], In December 1930, a local tax protest by Saya San in Tharrawaddy quickly grew into first a regional and then a national insurrection against the government. The colonial government of India, which was given control of the new colony, founded secular schools teaching in both English and Burmese, while also encouraging Christian missionaries to visit and found schools. Some people began to feel that the rate of change was not fast enough and the reforms not expansive enough. This led to the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26). ~, As the revolt collapsed, Saya San fled to the Shan Plateau in the east. The Republic of Burma, or simply Burma, is a country in southeast Asia. In theory, the king was in charge of all of the Hluttaw, but none of his orders got put into place until the Hluttaw approved them, thus checking his power. Upper Burma fell to the British and the Mandalay-based peacock throne was toppled after the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885. +. Between 1900 and 1911 the "Irish Buddhist" U Dhammaloka publicly challenged Christianity and imperial power, leading to two trials for sedition. The first run of the P&O steamer around the Cape of Good Hope took 91 days to to travel from Southhampton, England to Calcutta, with eight days spent taking in coal. Historians will add that we saw no harm in this, though we always resisted such a fate to the death when it threatened our own land. They were administered separately by the British with a Burma Frontier Service and later united with Burma proper to form Myanmar's geographic composition today. //\\, “The Prince of Wales came to dine in 1922. During the British Raj, India experienced a slight expansion of territory that spread into Pakistan, upper Burma, and Singapore for a short period of time. ", The primary activity of missionaries was setting up schools. The monarchy was abolished, King Thibaw sent into exile, and church and state separated. The country was very much shaken. Encyclopædia Britannica. The British began exploiting the rich soil of the land around the Irrawaddy delta and cleared away the dense mangrove forests. Intermarriage between Europeans and Burmese gave birth to an indigenous Eurasian community known as the Anglo-Burmese who would come to dominate the colonial society, hovering above the Burmese but below the British. +, At the same time, thousands of Indian labourers migrated to Burma and, because of their willingness to work for less money, quickly displaced the Burmese farmers, who instead began to take part in crime, giving themselves a bad reputation. The Dutch built some in Indonesia, the French in Vietnam and the Americans in the Philippines. This massive move towards foreign trade hurt the Burmese economy initially because suddenly a large amount of their resources were being exported for Britain’s benefit, thereby taking with it the resources needed by the Burmese natives to continue living their lives as they had before colonisation. Despite the efforts of his lawyer, Ba Maw, he was sentenced to death in March 1931 and was hanged at Tharrawaddy jail. It [Source: George Webb, Royal Society for Asian Affairs, June 16, 1983 //\\], “Such wider motives of strategy or commerce apart, Theebaw's cruelties and follies were enough to make Burma an intolerable adjacent state for an outward looking Indian Empire rising to the zenith of its power and self-respect. The history of British intervention in Burma should be a source of considerable shame and just a little pride. They were characterized by their English mother tongue, Christian religion, European lifestyle at home, Western clothes and employment in administration and service positions. Orwell’s essays and his novel Burmese Days stand out as some of the few insights into the brutalities of the colonial experience in Burma. The region has a very long and complex history and we do not try to cover it all here, not even for the period of the Raj. Charles' George Orwell Links – Biographies, Essays, Novels, Reviews, Images. XXVI 1931, "Myanmar - The initial impact of colonialism", "The Statement on the Commemoration of Bo Aung Kyaw", "Who Killed Aung San? They usually set up numerous primary schools and, if they were there long enough to get primary school graduates, a secondary school. [6] The 1826 Treaty of Yandabo formally ended the First Anglo-Burmese War, the longest and the most expensive war in the history of British India. There were never really that many Britons in Burma. Burma's "relationship with the British empire", Orwell wrote, "is that of slave and master". Book: Great Hill Stations of Asia by Barbara Crossette (Harper Collins/ Westview, 1998). It "was nearly the size of the palm of my hand...olive brown and covered with a soft down.” The missionaries also had to put up with dust storms, torrential monsoons and 130°F heat that lasted for weeks at a time. Issued c. 1855. Now there is an opportunity to forge a completely different relationship, based on acknowledging the many sins and few virtues of a shared history. The second university students strike in 1936 was triggered by the expulsion of Aung San and Ko Nu, leaders of the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU), for refusing to reveal the name of the author who had written an article in their university magazine, making a scathing attack on one of the senior university officials. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands). International Encyclopedia of the First World War, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_rule_in_Burma&oldid=1006908200, Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia, States and territories established in 1824, States and territories disestablished in 1948, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Burmese-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Former country articles using status text with Colony or Exile, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Articles with dead external links from November 2016, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In order to increase the production of rice, many Burmese migrated from the northern heartland to the delta, shifting the population concentration, and changing the basis of wealth and power. Web. 4 March 2010. The surrender of the Japanese brought a military administration to Burma. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. ], One British chronicler wrote: “What will our descendants think of us when they read that the British banished the King of Burma, annexed his country, and proceeded to govern it by officials of their own race? The British also brought in lots of Indians to Burma to perform labor, serve as clerks and run businesses. A rising sense of nationalism combined with suffering lead to the Saya San rebellion, a peasant uprising which was brutally suppressed by the British. After the opening of the Suez Canal, the demand for Burmese rice grew and vast tracts of land were opened up for cultivation. The British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937 and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as some Burmese felt that this was a ploy to exclude them from any further Indian reforms whereas other Burmese saw any action that removed Burma from the control of India to be a positive step. Even the Pegu Club, I’m told. In 1920 a students strike broke out in protest against the new University Act which the students believed would only benefit the elite and perpetuate colonial rule. //\\, Theebaw, deposed in 1885, was the last of the Konbaungset dynasty of the Kingdom of Inwa, or Ava. It would remain an Indian province until it was granted the status of an individual British colony in 1937. This was particularly harmful, because the Buddhist monks, collectively known as the Sangha, were strongly dependent on the sponsorship of the monarchy. It gained independence between August 1961 and January 1963. By some estimates more than 10,000 peasants were killed during it. In 1852, another war, instigated by a Commodore Lambert (the 'Combustible Commodore') led to another Burmese defeat and the annexation of all of lower Burma to the expanding raj. //\\, “One travelogue warned ladies should watch out for snakes upon exiting the club – living nearby: I can confirm this remains sound advice today. Though war officially ended after only a couple of weeks, resistance continued in northern Burma until 1890, with the British finally resorting to a systematic destruction of villages and appointment of new officials to finally halt all guerrilla activity. British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the Anglo-Burmese Wars through the creation of Burma as a province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. Some people began to feel that the rate of change was not fast enough and the reforms not extensive enough. Inside, however, the club was the pinnacle of imperialist attempts to replicate England in foreign lands. Now, while this had its advantages in fighting disease. Both astounded him. The Frontier Areas were inhabited by ethnic minorities such as the Chin, the Shan, the Kachin and the Karenni. Its casual nature (“‘that jungle-fighting is the deuce and all. With the arrival of the British, the Burmese economy became tied to global market forces and was forced to become a part of the colonial export economy. Another said, "There is theory that anyone who lives above 7,000 feet starts having delusions, illusions and hallucinations. The historian D.G.E. [Source: Wikipedia +], The British controlled their new province through direct rule, making many changes to the previous governmental structure. One of the great chroniclers of life in Burma was Sir. The British Raj (/rɑːdʒ/; from rāj, literally, "rule" in Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent from 1858.The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India.. In Rangoon student protesters, after successfully picketing the Secretariat, the seat of the colonial government, were charged by the British mounted police wielding batons and killing Rangoon University student. +, Finally, in order to control the country on the village level, the British implemented a “strategic hamlet” strategy in which they burned villages and uprooted families who had supplied villages with their headmen, sending them to lower Burma. This was particularly harmful because the Buddhist monks were so dependent on the sponsorship of the monarchy. Aung San and Nu subsequently joined the Thakin movement progressing from student to national politics.[17]. After three Anglo-Burma Wars (1825, 1852 and 1885) Burma was conquered and transformed into a British colony. By then, in most of the largest cities in Burma, Rangoon (Yangon), Akyab (Sittwe), Bassein (Pathein), Moulmein, the Indian immigrants formed a majority of the population. The eventual trial of Saya San, who was executed, allowed several future national leaders, including Dr Ba Maw and U Saw, who participated in his defence, to rise to prominence. They featured comfortable cottages, steepled churches, clubs, schools, libraries, tearooms, and gardens with European flowers. Most hill stations we built on ridge tops. Missionaries had to protect themselves against snakes, scorpions, white ants, winged ants and bats. Ever since the 1820s, the British had regarded Burma as a lucrative sideline to India, strategically vital and, more important, a place to get rich. Find online databases and records for researching ancestors in British India, the territories of India under the tenancy or sovereignty of the East India Company or British Crown between 1612 and 1947. [17], Then a momentous event stunned the nation on 19 July 1947. Web. +, Burma was grafted onto India despite the incompatibility of India and the Burmese heartland, which lacked a "Burma lobby" to explain it in Britain. There were further strikes and anti-tax protests in the later 1920s led by the Wunthanu athins. An account by a British official describing the conditions of the Burmese people’s livelihoods in 1941 describes the Burmese hardships as they must quickly adapt to foreign trade: “Foreign landlordism and the operations of foreign moneylenders had led to an increasing exportation of a considerable proportion of the country’s resources and to the progressive impoverishment of the agriculturist and of the country as a whole…. On Aug. 2, 1931, he was captured at Hokho and brought back to Tharrawaddy to be tried by a special tribunal. In Rangoon student protesters, after successfully picketing the Secretariat, the seat of the colonial government, were charged by the British mounted police wielding batons and killing a Rangoon University student called Aung Kyaw. A British General Hospital Burmah was set up in Rangoon in 1887. After the Suez canal opened in 1868, and travel was shorter and easier, more married English men and their families became more common and more British women arrived and married the single English men. [17], Dorman-Smith was replaced by Major-General Far Eastern Survey: American Institute of Pacific Relations 25 February 1953, XXII ed., No. By processes familiar to Imperial historians, static Burma and dynamic British India had become provocatively incompatible. They were later superseded by the General Council of Burmese Associations (GCBA) which was linked with Wunthanu athin or National Associations that sprang up in villages throughout Burma Proper. After three Anglo-Burma Wars (1825, 1852 and 1885) Burma was conquered and transformed into a British colony. For generations, British merchants, like their military and commercial rivals the French, had dealt with the Burmese; but this was peripheral trafficking by outsiders, only tolerated for their wares. For a half-century, Britain's relationship with Burma was effectively non-existent. Each resulted in further control of Burma by the British Empire, which ended in the annexation of Upper Burma and the entire country becoming a province of India under the control of the British Raj. With this quickly growing economy, came industrialisation to a certain degree, with a railway being built throughout the valley of the Irawaddy, and hundreds of steamboats travelling along it. “Rank, wealth, and birth had no relevance,” wrote Wai Wai Myaing in A Journey in Time, a family memoir. Rance calmed the situation by meeting with Aung San and convincing him to join the Governor's Executive Council along with other members of the AFPFL. They had become a conquering race and feared no one on earth.” //\\, “On the British side, there was at first no wish to tackle Burma, a profoundly mysterious country, alleged to have a huge population, certainly able to raise great armies. The British became the wealthy and elite class. [cited in Maurice Collis:Diaries,1949-1969, Heinemann, 1977], George Webb of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs wrote: “Burma's apartness from India was paradoxically among the complex causes of the Third Burmese War. [Source: Myanmar Travel Information ~], On the night of December 22-2, 1930 the first outbreak of violence that became the Saya San rebellion occurred in the Tharrawaddy district; the revolt soon spread to other Irrawaddy delta districts. The annexed territories were designated the minor province (a chief commissionership) of British India in 1862.[3]. U Saw, a conservative pre-war Prime Minister of Burma, engineered the assassination of Aung San and several members of his cabinet including his eldest brother Ba Win, the father of today's National League for Democracy exile-government leader Dr Sein Win, while meeting in the Secretariat. [Source: Myanmar Travel Information], Ben Macintyre wrote in The Times, “Like every country, Burma is a product of its history, in which Britain played a defining role, sometimes for better, mostly for worse. British Raj was a British Crown Colony in the Indian Subcontinent. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. He enacted administrative reforms and made Burma more receptive to foreign interests. Though the final Anglo-Burma war officially ended after only a couple of weeks in 1985, resistance continued in northern Myanmar until 1890, with the British finally resorting to a systematic destruction of villages and appointment of new officials to finally halt the guerilla activity. The invention of the steam ship really opened up travel between Britain and Asia. [17] The second university students strike in 1936 was triggered by the expulsion of Aung San and Ko Nu, leaders of the Rangoon University Students Union, for refusing to reveal the name of the author who had written an article in their university magazine, making a scathing attack on one of the senior university officials. The civil service was largely staffed by Anglo-Burmese and Indians, and Burmese were excluded almost entirely from military service, which was staffed primarily with Indians, Anglo-Burmese, Karens and other Burmese minority groups. +, In 1920 the first university students' strike in history broke out in protest against the new University Act which the students believed would only benefit the elite and perpetuate colonial rule. [5], The British also implemented a secular education system. Burma is sometimes referred to as "the Scottish Colony" owing to the heavy role played by Scotsmen in colonising and running the country, one of the most notable being Sir James Scott. Within fifty years he and his successors had defeated and in many cases subjugated most of the adjacent peoples, creating in the process an expanded nation-state with frontiers resembling those of modern Burma but in the north-west more extensive. [15] Though the country prospered, the Burmese people largely failed to reap the rewards. Most of the jobs also went to indentured Indian labourers, and whole villages became outlawed as they resorted to 'dacoity' (armed robbery). The British Raj in 1936 is beset with communal divisions between the Hindus and the Muslims, and the Burmese in the extreme east outright rejects any affinity with the Raj, insisting that they are a separate nation that was unreasonably incorporated into the Raj by the British only because of geographical proximity. Other wasted away more slowly from syphilis, exotic jungle diseases and doctors who treated cholera with a red hot iron on the heel. George Orwell served in the Indian Imperial Police in Burma for five years, an experience that was the inspiration for his 1934 novel “Burmese Days.”, Divisions of British Burma: The province of Burma, after 1885 was administered as follows: 1) Ministerial Burma (Burma proper); 2) Tenasserim Division (Toungoo, Thaton, Amherst, Salween, Tavoy, and Mergui Districts); 3) Arakan Division (Akyab, Northern Arakan or Arakan Hill Tracts, Kyaukpyu and Sandoway Districts); 4) Pegu Division (Rangoon City, Hanthawaddy, Pegu, Tharrawaddy and Prome Districts); 5) Irrawaddy Division (Bassein, Henzada, Thayetmyo, Maubin, Myaungmya and Pyapon Districts); 6) Scheduled Areas (Frontier Areas); 7) Shan States; 8) Chin Hills; 9) Kachin tracts.
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