Such relatively isolated pockets as the glens of the northeast coast and Kilkeel on the southeast coast retain a local consciousness that gives colour and interest to the human geography of Northern Ireland. This segregation, especially evident in Belfast, is even more pronounced in poorer neighbourhoods. The Troubles had both political and military (or paramilitary) dimensions. Some towns have grown with the introduction of industry, particularly Dungannon, which specializes in fabrics, and Carrickfergus, now noted for aluminum castings and telecommunications cables. There are also small Hindu, Sikh, Muslim, Buddhist and Jewish communities. In 2002, the much smaller Methodist Church in Ireland signed a covenant for greater co-operation and potential ultimate unity with the Church of Ireland. Most farmhouses are small, and a few are still thatched. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Built by the English and Scottish planters or by the landlords of the 18th century, they have a foreign touch of orderliness and urbanity. The principal issues at stake in the Troubles were the constitutional status of Northern Ireland and the relationship between the mainly-Protestant Unionist and mainly-Catholic Nationalist communities in Northern Ireland. [29] There are, however, three Mandirs in Belfast. [2] The Catholic Church has seen a small growth in adherents, while the other Christian groups have seen a small decrease. It has many lakes, or loughs, embedded in the landscape. [22][23][24] The members of the religion elected its first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly in 1949 in Belfast. [12][13][14][15] This represented an increase from the 2001 census in those not stating a religion of 117% in Northern Ireland, lower than the increases in England (54.5%), Scotland (38.1%) or Wales (57.6%).[12][13][14][15]. In the '70s, the British government began to build separation barriers known as "peace walls" around Northern Ireland to separate Catholic and Protestant … Its participants included politicians and political activists on both sides, republican and loyalist paramilitary organisations, the Royal Ulster Constabulary, the British Army and the security forces of the Republic of Ireland. It is followed by the Anglican Church of Ireland, which was the state church of Ireland until it was disestablished by the Irish Church Act 1869. The end result was the orderly, small square fields that dominate the contemporary landscape. The predominant impression of Northern Ireland’s landscape is of scattered and isolated farms. Many are grouped around a “diamond” (meeting place), which is used as a marketplace. According to the last census in 2011, Protestants outnumbered Catholics in Northern Ireland by just three percent. In the 2011 census of the Republic of Ireland, 4.27% of the population described themselves as Protestant. And devout, ethnically Irish Catholics' willingness to support Northern Ireland's membership in the United Kingdom and to ally with Protestants in … The scene of some truly ugly clashes between Catholics and Protestants. The neighbourhoods … More recent numbers show a Catholic … In fact, that is the reason Northern Ireland exists in the first place. However, the net outflow of people from the region has been relatively small, especially when compared with the mass emigration that has typified Ireland in various periods. This is Belfast, Northern Ireland. Catholics to outnumber Protestants in Northern Ireland by 2021. The Troubles in Northern Ireland are often cited as evidence that Christianity leads to conflict. Gaelic Irish and Anglo-Normans (c. 600–c. The demographic balance between Protestants and Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland is becoming increasingly delicate. During the “Troubles”—the term used euphemistically to describe the violence between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland—many wealthy Protestants from Belfast relocated to the pastoral environs of northern Down while their less privileged counterparts moved to the bleak estates that sprung up in the satellite towns that ring the city. PEOPLE in Northern Ireland think relations between Protestants and Catholics are getting worse according to a new report. In the 2011 census of Northern Ireland, 48% described themselves as Protestant, which was a decline of approximately 5% from the 2001 census. The Church is organised into four provinces though these are not coterminous with the modern political division of Ireland. The most substantial Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland, the Presbyterians, makes up more than one-fifth of the population. In the Republic, Protestantism was the second largest religious grouping until the 2002 census in which they were exceeded by those who chose "No Religion". Catholics now make up about two-fifths of the population, and their slightly higher birth rate has led to speculation that they eventually will become the larger of the “two communities.” Northern Ireland was an integral part of the United Kingdom, but under the terms of the Government of Ireland Act in 1920, it had a semiautonomous government. Although the Northern Irish birth rate declined over the last two decades of the 20th century, it remains relatively high by British standards. [19] This situation is reflected in comparably complex institutional arrangements. The city is also the centre of government, finance, education, and culture. 1300), Power-sharing agreements and the establishment of a fragile peace. Is the Church of Ireland Protestant or Catholic? The Presbyterian Church in Ireland, closely -but not formally - linked to the Church of Scotland in terms of theology and history, is the second-largest church and largest Protestant denomination. The 2011 UK census showed 40.8% Catholic, 19.1% Presbyterian Church, with the Church of Ireland having 13.7% and the Methodist Church 5.0%. While there were a small number of Muslims already living in what became Northern Ireland in 1921, the bulk of Muslims in Northern Ireland today come from families who immigrated during the late 20th century. West of Lough Neagh and in the fastness of the Mourne Mountains and of Slieve Gullion, as well as in the more distant Lough Erne region, indigenous elements have maintained a distinctiveness. [12][13][14][15] In Northern Ireland those who did not state any religion in the 2011 census amounted to 13.9% of the population, lower than in England (31.9%), Scotland (43.7%) or Wales (39.7%). Northern Ireland - Northern Ireland - Religion: The demographic balance between Protestants and Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland is becoming increasingly delicate. Ireland. Protestantism is a Christian minority on the island of Ireland. Historically there have been more Protestants than Catholics in Northern Ireland but both have always been present. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. There are Catholics who accept the universal jurisdiction of the Pope, the Bishop of Rome. The period known as “the Troubles” began in 1968 and lasted for 30 years. But, it’s complicated. [7], The religious affiliations in the different age bands in the 2011 census were as follows:[8], Christianity is the main religion in Northern Ireland. In 1972, however, after three years of sectarian violence between Protestants and Catholics that resulted in more than 400 dead and thousands injured, Britain suspended the Ulster parliament. In their respective 2011 censuses Northern Ireland had a lower proportion of people stating that they were Christian (82.3%) than the Republic of Ireland (90.4%) and had a higher proportion of people stating that they had no religion or not indicating a religious belief (16.9%) than the Republic of Ireland (7.6%). The religious affiliations in the local authority districts (themselves not merged since 2011" of Northern Ireland were as follows: Religions broken down by place of birth in the 2011 census. However, 84% of the Republic of Ireland is Catholic compared to 45% in Northern Ireland. The occasional larger farm often has a Georgian house—simple and dignified, a reflection of the age of consolidation. [11], In the 2011 census Northern Ireland had substantially more people stating that they were Christian (82.2%) than did England (59.4%), Scotland (53.8%) or Wales (57.6%). Members of other Christian churches comprised 5.8%, 17% stated they have no religion or did not state a religion, and members of non-Christian religions were 0.8%.[1][4]. Rain falls throughout the year. The seat of the Archbishop of Armagh, the Primacy of Ireland, is St. Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh. As a result, the historic counties of Londonderry, Fermanagh, and Tyrone now have marked Catholic majorities, while the traditional concentration of Protestants in the eastern reaches has increased. But Ireland’s story is not divided between Catholic and Protestant with nothing in between, says Thomas. In fact, it would be a good idea for them to join one of those tours. The Troubles were a period of ethno-political conflict in Northern Ireland which spilled over at various times into Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland. It is both Protestant and Catholic. Northern Ireland is also marked by stark patterns of residential segregation. The map below shows the distribution of Protestants in Northern Ireland in 1991. Two years ago, the Good Relations Indicator report - organised by government in Northern Ireland - showed that 49% of adults and 46% of young people thought that relations between Protestants and Catholics were better than they were five years ago. At the 2011 census, the prevalence rates for the main religions were: Catholic (41 per cent); Presbyterian (19 per cent); Church of Ireland (14 per cent); Methodist (3.0 per cent); Other Christian or Christian-related denominations (5.8 per cent); other Religions and Philosophies (0.8 per cent) and those declaring no religion or religion not stated 16.9%. The traditional regions of Northern Ireland correspond closely to the main topographic elements, although they are also the outcome of the cultural evolution of the area. Catholics will outnumber Protestants in Northern Ireland as early as 2021, according to a leading academic. 318 – 336 in Olivia Cosgrove et al. 2002–", Homepage of the Irish Bishops' Conference (Catholic), CatholicIreland.net, Content-rich portal of the Catholic Church in Ireland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Northern_Ireland&oldid=1002651763, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Other EU: Member countries prior to 2004 expansion, Other EU: Accession countries 2004 onwards, This page was last edited on 25 January 2021, at 13:12. Protestant Distribution in Northern Ireland. The duration of the Troubles is conventionally dated from approximately 1968 to the signing of the Belfast Agreement in 1998. 1. Compton, P. A., Demographic and geographical aspects of the unemployment differential between Protestants and Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland, in Compton, P.A. The Catholic Church is the largest single church. Armagh is an ecclesiastical centre with two cathedrals, while Lisburn, Lurgan, and Portadown, all in the Lagan valley, form an extension of the Belfast industrial complex, their size a product of the textile industry. In the interest of self-preservation, young people learn early to recognize the various cues that indicate ethnoreligious identity. [18] The Muslims in Northern Ireland come from over 40 countries of origin, from Western Europe all the way through to the Far East. After also the nobility fled to Ulster, King James I. settled more than 100,000 presbyterian Scots, a parish of the Scots who turn away from the Catholic faith and profess as Protestants. Even when Catholics and Protestants reside in the same part of the region, they tend to live separately from one another. Bangor is a resort and a residential outlier of Belfast. Often cited as evidence that Christianity inevitably causes division and bloodshed. Some forms of Protestantism ex Scharbrodt, Oliver, "Islam in Ireland: organising a migrant religion". Belfast has a synagogue, a gurdwara, a mosque and two Hindu temples. Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are both religious states with 90.4% the latter identifying as Christian. The complex sectarian geography of Northern Ireland places often severe constraints upon the physical mobility of working-class residents in particular and has an important impact upon the manner in which everyday life is organized and experienced. The divide between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland had little to do with theological differences but instead was grounded in culture and politics. For this reason it is incorrect to refer to members of the Church of Ireland as ‘non–Catholic’. Several studies and surveys carried out between 1971 and 2006 have indicated that, in general, most Protestants in Northern Ireland see themselves primarily as British, whereas a majority of Roman Catholics regard themselves primarily as Irish. Smaller Protestant denominations such as the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland amongst Presbyterians and the Open Brethren exist in many rural communities. The first Jewish congregation in Northern Ireland, Belfast Hebrew Congregation, was founded in 1870. Hinduism is a relatively minor religion in Northern Ireland with only around 200 Hindu families in the region. Disadvantages Catholics Faced in Northern Ireland in the Mid 60’s In Northern Ireland during the 60’s Catholics faced a lot of disadvantages, in areas of Employment, Education, Housing, and Politics; there is evidence that even the Police Force was biased in favor of the Protestant community. The result was communal strife between Catholics and Protestants, with some historians describing this violence, especially that in Belfast, as a pogrom, although historian Peter Hart argues that the term is not appropriate given the reciprocity of violence in Northern Ireland. At the 2011 census, the prevalence rates for the main religions were: Catholic (41 per cent); Presbyterian (19 per cent); Church of Ireland (14 per cent); Methodist (3.0 per cent); Other Christian or Christian-related denominations (5.8 per cent); other Religions and Philosophies (0.8 per cent) and those declaring no religion or religion not stated 16.9%. [12][13][14][15] The proportion who stated that they had any religion was also higher in Northern Ireland (83%) than in England (68.1%), Scotland (56.3%) or Wales (60.3%). (eds), St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh (Church of Ireland), St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh (Catholic), Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland, constitutional status of Northern Ireland, "Census 2011: Religion: KS211NI (administrative geographies)", "Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland", "Census 2001: Religion (administrative geographies)", "Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland", "Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service", "Church of Ireland - A Member of the Anglican Communion", Northern Ireland Census 2001 Key Statistics, "Early Irish Baháʼís : Issues of Religious, Cultural, and National Identity", "Book Review; The Faiths of Ireland by Stephen Skuce", "Draft List of Deaths Related to the Conflict. At the time of the 2011 Census there were 3,832 living in Northern Ireland,[17] though the Belfast Islamic Centre states this number may be as high as 10,000 due to other social demographics such as students. Particularly the province of Ulster in the North of the country had great difficulty. The Catholic Church has seen a small growth in adherents, while the other Christian groups have seen a small decrea… The combination of a relatively high birth rate and negligible out-migration has contributed to a gradual rise in the population of Northern Ireland. The remainder of the Protestant population is fragmented among dozens of smaller religious groupings. Summers are cool and windy, winters are mild. There is another gurdwara in Derry. While in the 2011 census 84.2% of people in the Republic of Ireland identified themselves as Catholic in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland only 40.8% identified themselves as Catholic. The size of Belfast, at the head of Belfast Lough on the northeast coast, underlines its dominance of the region, as well as its significance as an industrial centre and major port. Londonderry, a centre for shirtmaking, was the heart of the Lough Foyle lowlands until the hinterland that it served was split by the partition of Ireland, but it remains the main focus of the west. Both! [20], The earliest recorded Jew living in Northern Ireland was a tailor by the name of Manuel Lightfoot in 1652. Police Service of Northern Ireland officers look at a burnt car in the Ardoyne area of north Belfast in 2002, after Catholic and Protestant rioters clashed with police overnight. Since partition, emigration from Northern Ireland has tended to outpace immigration. Christianity is the largest religion in Northern Ireland. Reflecting Belfast’s 19th-century origin, most of the streets are inextricably and bleakly mixed with mills and factories, while the reclaimed land at the head of Belfast Lough is given over entirely to industry. Small market towns rather than villages are common. Most Irish Catholics desired complete independence from Britain, but Irish Protestants feared living in a country ruled by a Catholic majority. Some landlords rearranged their tenants’ land in narrow ribbons, from valley bottom to mountain pasture, giving a characteristic ladder of fields with the farms strung along the road on the valley side. The climate is influenced by the sea. [27] By 2005 Baháʼí sources claim some 300 Baháʼís across Northern Ireland.[28]. Occasional relics of tiny hamlets, or clachans, show that peasant crofts once were huddled together and worked by kinship groups in an open-field system. In the north and east the influence of the Scots and English has been paramount. (ed. [25] The Baháʼís held an international conference in Dublin in 1982 which was described as “…one of the very few occasions when a world event for a faith community has been held in Ireland". During the political violence of the last third of the 20th century, many Protestants moved away from western and border areas of Northern Ireland. In terms of population, Northern Ireland is the smallest part of the United Kingdom, and its demographic profile differs from that of Great Britain in a number of ways. Secularisation in Northern Ireland has followed different paths within each of the two main communities, being at a more advanced stage within the mainly Protestant community in which it is reflected more often with a formal move away from the churches and by expressing no formal religious attachment, mirroring the pattern in Great Britain, whereas in the mainly Catholic community it is reflected by declining mass attendance but often with retaining a formal Catholic identification, mirroring the pattern in the Republic of Ireland. Violence nonetheless continued beyond this period and still manifests on a small-scale basis.[30]. Shipbuilding, linen manufacturing, and engineering have declined in Belfast, but shipping remains a major employer, and the aircraft industry has gained in importance. Political separation of Northern Ireland from the rest of Ireland did not come until the early 20th century, when Protestants and Catholics divided into two warring camps over the issue of Irish home rule. The 2001 and 2011 Census figures for Religion (not Religion or Religion Brought Up In) are set out below. In Northern Ireland, national identity is complex and diverse. [10] The Church of Ireland is part of the Anglican Communion. Protestant and Catholic communities are not distributed evenly. Northern Ireland covers an area of about 14 000 square kilometres, about one-sixth of the island’s total area. Drumlins also have had an effect on siting; houses are found away from the peaty bottomlands but below the windswept skyline. Some of these towns acquired a mill in the 19th century, but in few cases has this changed the essentially rural context. About 8% of the population is not religious compared to 31.9% in England, 43.7 % in Scotland, and 39.7% in Wales. I would not deliberately seek out a Southern Protestant as if there was some connection or imperative to do so. In the western half of Northern Ireland, regional services and administration have enlarged Omagh and Enniskillen. The hostilities between adjacent working-class districts composed of different ethnoreligious communities have led to the creation of “peace lines,” essentially permanent structures aimed at keeping the warring factions apart. The Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland and the Assemblies of God Ireland are also organised on an all-Ireland basis, though in the case of the Assemblies of God this was the result of a recent reorganisation. Northern Ireland is home to the vast majority of Irish Protestants - around 90%. I am technically a Northern Protestant. Between the end of the 18th and the middle of the 19th century, most of the land was enclosed and the scattered strips consolidated, partly as a policy of the landlords but finally because of the decline in rural population after the Potato Famine of the 1840s. Christianityis the largest religion in Northern Ireland. [16] Those stating that they had no religion in the 2011 census were concentrated in largely Protestant areas, suggesting that they were mostly from a Protestant background. [21], The Baháʼí Faith in Northern Ireland begins after a century of contact between Irishmen and Baháʼís beyond the island and on the island. The only Southern Protestant of any note I am aware of is Graham Norton the TV presenter. The terms Protestant and Catholic are not really opposites. In 2006, there were an estimated 300 Jewish people living in Northern Ireland. About one in six people belong to the next biggest Protestant denomination, the Anglican Church of Ireland. (YouTube) The population of Northern Ireland, which has been predominantly Protestant since the state's founding in 1921, will likely be dominated by Catholics in three years, according to a new census, reported the Catholic News Agency on April 23. The findings of the 2019 Northern Ireland Life and Times survey are typical: 94 per cent of Protestants supported the Union, but only 54 per cent of Catholics supported Irish unity. One important exception to this rule is Belfast on the eastern seaboard, where Catholics have become the majority. Most people of Protestant background consider themselves British, while a majority of people of Catholic background consider themselves Irish. The population of Northern Ireland is comparatively young in relation to that of the rest of the United Kingdom. Catholics now make up about two-fifths of the population, and their slightly higher birth rate has led to speculation that they eventually will become the larger of the “two communities.” Although Protestants continue to be a majority, they are perhaps best thought of as a “majority of minorities,” in that the Protestant community comprises a mosaic of distinct denominations that vary enormously in size. Neither Irish history nor the Irish language was taught in schools in Northern Ireland, it was illegal to fly the flag of the Irish republic, and from 1956 to 1974 Sinn Féin , the party of Irish republicanism, also was banned in Northern Ireland. [26] By 1993 there were a dozen assemblies in Northern Ireland. Few of the market centres have grown into substantial towns. The creation of an exterior barrier will have a knock-on effect on the existing internal walls and, worryingly, it seems like May and her cabinet have no idea about the nature or extent of those divisions. It is likely Catholics will outnumber Protestants by 2021 in Northern Ireland, according to a leading academic. But a hard Border it will be and Ireland will be more effectively partitioned than at any time in its history. The land is hilly, with low mountains, plains and valleys. Indeed, about half the Northern Irish live in districts in which nine-tenths or more of residents are drawn from one of the two communities. “People have always been diverse. They would see that the problem is not just the walls.
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