Mining was the foundation of the Witwatersrand's economy, but its importance is gradually declining due to dwindling reserves and service and manufacturing industries have become more significant to the city's economy. Johannesburg is the economic and financial hub of South Africa, producing 16% of South Africa's gross domestic product, and accounts for 40% of Gauteng's economic activity. The city grew on the edge of the Witwatersrand Main Reef, a subterranean stratum of gold-bearing quartz-silica conglomerate that arcs for hundreds of miles beneath the Highveld. [85], The Johannesburg City Library is located in the Central Business District of Johannesburg.[88]. Another was Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (better known as Paul Kruger), president of the South African Republic (ZAR) from 1883 to 1900. The Rea Vaya works on a smartcard payment system, on entering the station or bus the passenger taps his/her smartcard onto the validator/scanner and taps out at the next station with the calculated amount ( calculated according to distance approx $0.5 per 5  km). The Economic Freedom Fighters and Democratic Alliance both agreed to vote for the DA mayoral candidate, Herman Mashaba, who was sworn into power as the first Democratic Alliance mayor of Johannesburg on 22 August 2016. Soweto, although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been separated as a residential area for Blacks only (no Whites allowed), who were not permitted to live in other White designated suburbs of Johannesburg. Get directions, maps, and traffic for Johannesburg, Gauteng. [80] Between 2001 and 2006, R9-billion (US$1.2  billion) has been invested in the city centre. [31][32], During the war, many African mineworkers left Johannesburg creating a labour shortage, which the mines ameliorated by bringing in labourers from China, especially southern China. [37] At their trial, the accused freely admitted that they were guilty of what they were charged with, namely of planning to blow up the hydro-electric system of Johannesburg to shut down the gold mines, but Mandela argued to the court that the ANC had tried non-violent resistance to apartheid and failed, leaving him with no other choice. [114], Johannesburg has two kinds of taxis, metered taxis and minibus taxis. Everyone played their part in the marketing, branding and the new identity of the precinct, the City, heritage bodies, heritage practitioners, private companies all played a part. The rail system was designed to alleviate traffic on the N1 freeway between Johannesburg and Pretoria, which records vehicle loads of up to 300,000 per week day. Johannesburg has 4 major cellular telecommunications operators: Vodacom, MTN, Cell C, and Telkom Mobile. The following is a list of some of the museums and galleries that can be found in Johannesburg.[89]. The city is often described as Africa's economic powerhouse, and contentiously as a modern and prosperous African city. [53], Regular cold fronts pass over in winter bringing very cold southerly winds but usually clear skies. 29% of Johannesburg residents stay in informal dwellings. In spite of being up to 12 lanes wide in some areas, the Johannesburg Ring Road is frequently clogged with traffic. [6] In the same year, the population of Johannesburg's urban agglomeration was put at 8,000,000. Johannesburg (/dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/ joh-HAN-iss-burg, also US: /-ˈhɑːn-/ -⁠HAHN-; Afrikaans: [juəˈɦanəsbœrχ]; Zulu and Xhosa: eGoli), informally known as Jozi, Joburg, or "The City of Gold",[9][10] is the largest city in South Africa, classified as a megacity,[11] and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. Others are functional, such as street furniture found in Hillbrow and the city centre. The east–west line from the airport to Sandton opened in June 2010 in time for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, while the north–the south line opened on 2 August 2011, except for Park Station, which opened in 2012. Since South Africa’s transition to democracy in 1994, the United States and South Africa have enjoyed a solid bilateral relationship. University of Johannesburg was formed on 1 January 2005, when three separate universities and campuses—Rand Afrikaans University, Technikon Witwatersrand, and the Johannesburg campuses of Vista University—were merged. In addition, there are a number of private bus operators, though most focus on the inter-city routes, or on bus charters for touring groups. On 2 May 2018, Mayor Herman Mashaba gave his second State of the City Address. [72] While the Central Business District and the immediate surrounding areas were formerly desirable living areas, the spatial accommodation of the suburbs has tended to see a flight from the city and immediate surrounds. They are housed at the Ellis Park Stadium, which also hosted the IRB 1995 Rugby World Cup Final, which the South African Springboks defeated the New Zealand All Blacks. A completely refurbished Soccer City stadium in Johannesburg hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup final. Reconsider travel to South Africa due to COVID-19.Exercise increased caution in South Africa due to crime, civil unrest, health, and drought.. Read the Department of State’s COVID-19 page before you plan any international travel.. Recent additions have centred on history museums, such as the Apartheid Museum (with related visits to Constitution Hill) and the Hector Pieterson Museum. Check flight prices and hotel availability for your visit. (Cultural) tourists also visit the "Mai Mai Market"[106] ("Ezinyangeni" – the place of healers; located on the eastern wing of the city centre) dedicated to traditional herbs and traditional healers. Randburg and Sandton form part of the northern area. [citation needed] Some report Australian George Harrison as the first to make a claim for gold in the area that became Johannesburg, as he found gold on a farm in July 1886. Johannesburg hosts many of South Africa's premier music events, such as RAMFest's Johannesburg leg,[91][92][93][94] In The City[95] and many international tours. Katlehong City and Alexandra United, play at Alexandra and Reiger Park stadium respectively. The University of the Witwatersrand is one of the leading universities in Africa,[121] and is famous as a centre of resistance to apartheid. Johannesburg is situated on the highveld plateau, and has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb). Johannes Rissik and Johannes Joubert were members of a delegation sent to England to obtain mining rights for the area. One of the youngest of the world’s major cities, Johannesburg was founded in 1886, following the discovery of gold. Apart from one filtration shed, there is nothing left on the site after being destroyed. Consequently, most international visitors to South Africa pass through Johannesburg at least once, which has led to the development of several attractions for tourists. More affluent whites live in the north, in leafy, established communities such as Houghton and Parktown, once the residence of South Africa’s mining magnates, or in any of a dozen newer suburbs. [40], On 12 May 2008, a series of riots started in the township of Alexandra, in the north-eastern part of Johannesburg, when locals attacked migrants from Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe, killing two people and injuring 40 others. The city has several football clubs in the Premier Soccer League (PSL) and the National First Division. State of jobs now available in Johannesburg, Gauteng. The east and west ridges spread out from central Johannesburg. 81% of households have access to running water, and 80% use electricity as the main source of energy. Under the system of apartheid (Afrikaans for "apartness", or "separate development" though the system was founded by the British), a comprehensive system of racial separation was imposed upon South Africa starting in 1948. The JMPD claims that the average response time by police for crimes committed in the CBD is 60 seconds. The result is a city of extraordinary contrasts, of glass and steel skyscrapers and fetid shantytowns, of internationally recognized universities and widespread illiteracy, of glittering abundance and desperate poverty. 14% have higher education (University or Technical school). Most of the springs from which many of these streams emanate are now covered in concrete and canalised, accounting for the fact that the names of early farms in the area often end with "fontein", meaning "spring" in Afrikaans. [28] By 1896, Johannesburg was established as a city of over 100,000 inhabitants, one of the fastest growth cities ever. This total includes 200 modern buses (150 double-deckers and 50 single-deckers), made by Volvo, Scania AB and Marcopolo/Brasa in 2002. Black migrant workers, long the backbone of South Africa’s industrial labour force, are lodged in massive, single-sex hostels located close to the workplace or on the edge of Black townships. The city enjoys about eight hours of sunlight per day in both winter and summer. The Joburg Theatre complex hosts drama, opera and ballet. It has a fleet consisting of approximately 550 single and double-decker buses, plying 84 different routes in the city. [128] The number of radio stations has increased in recent years as the government has sold off frequencies to private companies. 16 of the Archeological Research Unit (University of the Witwatersrand), 1986. one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world, Globalization and World Cities Research Network, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Johannesburg, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Category: Shopping centres in Johannesburg, City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, South African National Museum of Military History, "Chronological order of town establishment in South Africa based on Floyd (1960:20–26)", "South Africa: Provinces and Major Urban Areas", "Rissik Street Post Office Johannesburg - The Heritage Portal", "Hidden in Plain Sight: Johannesburg's Battlefields", "Gauteng xenophobia attacks akin to 2008 crisis - Institute of Race Relations", "Maboneng | The heart and essence of the city of Joburg", "The battle to rebuild Jo'burg's historic laundry buildings has finally been won", "Johannesburg rebuked over 'world-class city' advert", "Johannesburg & Gauteng Weather and Climate", "Joburg covered by snow as temperature drops", "Snow in the city delights Jo'burg residents", "World Weather Information Service – Johannesburg", "Johannesburg/Jan Smuts Climate Normals 1961–1990", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Monthly weather forecast and climate Johannesburg, South Africa", "Johannesburg, South Africa (1886-- ) - The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed", United Nations Human Settlements Programme, "Local Municipality, City of Johannesburg", "British Empire: The British Colony Of The Union Of South Africa 1956", "Apartheid legacy of urban sprawl is the challenge our cities face", "Mastercard - Global Leading Company in Payment Solutions Offering Credit, Debit, Prepaid Cards & More", "GREENSTONE MALL : BENTEL INTERNATIONAL: Architect Africa Features Page", "Victory for DA as Herman Mashaba is elected Mayor of Johannesburg", "ANC's Geoff Makhubo is the new Joburg mayor", "Johannesburg Stock Exchange History - Property24.com", "Joburg's residential projects are supporting an acceleration of the rejuvenation effort", http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/view_press_release.php?rID=16863, "A profile of fatal injuries in South Africa", "Cape Town is one of the most violent cities in the world", "city of Johannesburg - Arts, culture and heritage", "Ramfest 2010 | Ramfest 2010 Line-up and Posters", "Ramfest 2011 | Ramfest 2011 Line-up and Posters", "Ramfest 2012 | Ramfest 2012 Line-up and Posters", "U2 in Johannesburg - the real greatest show on earth - Daily Maverick", "Kings of Leon: anything but a royal performance - Daily Maverick", "Report: Red Hot Chili Peppers Electrify FNB Stadium - Rolling Stone South Africa", "The Ann van Dyk Cheetah Centre - De Wildt", "The Nearest Faraway Place - Johannesburg, South Africa", "South Africa's official gateway - investment, travel, country information", "Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas", "Busiest freeways in southern hemisphere", "Railway country. [25], Mines near Johannesburg are among the deepest in the world, with some as deep as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). The transformations of the 1930s and ’40s, https://www.britannica.com/place/Johannesburg-South-Africa, CRW Flags - Flag of Johannesburg, South Africa, Jewish Virtual Library - Johannesburg, South Africa, South African History Online - Johannesburg, Johannesburg - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Johannesburg - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). [47] Streets are narrow and filled with high rises built in the mid- to late 1900s. By the mid-18th century, the broader region was largely settled by various Sotho–Tswana communities (one linguistic branch of Bantu-speakers), whose villages, towns, chiefdoms and kingdoms stretched from the Bechuanaland Protectorate (what is now Botswana) in the west,[21] to present day Lesotho in the south,[22] to the present day Pedi areas of the Limpopo Province. [citation needed], Fighting took place at the Gatsrand Pass (near Zakariyya Park) on 27 May, north of Vanwyksrust – today's Nancefield, Eldorado Park and Naturena – the next day, culminating in a mass infantry attack on what is now the waterworks ridge in Chiawelo and Senaoane on 29 May. Conditions are bleaker in neighbouring suburbs such as Cottesloe, Vrededorp, and Booysens Reserve, home to most of Johannesburg’s white poor. Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo (JCPZ) is a merged entity as from January 2013, and is registered as a non-profit company under the South African Companies Act, No 71 of 2008 as amended. ^ "Egoli definition and meaning". [clarification needed] It has the N1, N3, N12, N14, N17, R21, R24 and the R59, all leading to Johannesburg. The biggest sprawl lies to the east and north. [17][18] The City Hall is also located on Rissik Street. One of Africa's most famous "beltways" or ring roads/orbitals is the Johannesburg Ring Road. The population of the whole area has been estimated to be variously at 7,860,781 in 2011 by "citypopulation.de",[5] or 9,115,000 in 2018 by Demographia (for "Johannesburg-East Rand", 41st highest in the world). Four universities—those of South Africa, Pretoria, Witwatersrand, and … The city's Ticketpro Dome and the Ellis Park Arena hosted two of the three NBA Africa Games. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility. The main Witwatersrand gold reef was discovered in June 1884 on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by Jan Gerritse Bantjes that triggered the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the founding of Johannesburg in 1886. The Johannesburg city skyline has most of the tallest buildings on the continent and contains most international organisations such as IBM, Absa, BHP Billiton, Willis Group, First National Bank, Nedbank and Standard Bank. The container terminal is connected to the Port of Durban, Port of Ngqurha, Port of Cape Town, as well as Southern Africa by road and rail. The merger is a result of the institutional review process of the City of Johannesburg. The original miners' camp, under the informal leadership of Col Ignatius Ferreira, was located in the Fordsburg dip, possibly because the water was available there, and because of the site's proximity to the diggings. Lenasia is predominantly populated by English-speaking South Africans of Indian descent. The Times is a national newspaper that covers current issues. Other attractions in this area include the Lesedi Cultural Village, while Magaliesburg and the Hartbeespoort Dam are popular weekend (and holiday) destinations for Johannesburg residents. The Lion Park nature reserve, next to Lesedi Cultural Village, is home to over 80 lions and various other game, while the Krugersdorp Nature Reserve, a 1500 ha game reserve, is a forty-minute drive from the city centre. These areas were designated as non-white areas in accordance with the segregationist policies of the South African government known as Apartheid. Drastic measures have been taken to reduce crime in the city. The City of Johannesburg is in the process of compiling a State of Environment Report (SoER). Register Now. Public art ranges from sculptures to murals to pieces by artists like William Kentridge and Gerhard Marx's Fire Walker. 91% of the unemployed are Black African. The lowest daytime maximum temperature recorded is 1.5 °C (34.7 °F), on 19 June 1964.[54]. Upon the creation of the Metropolitan Municipality in 2000 the city was subdivided into eleven regions, simply named Region 1 to Region 11. Location/Code Province: All Provinces Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Western Cape Only 0.7% work in mining. Most visitors to Soweto see the Mandela Museum, which is located in the former home of Nelson Mandela. Johannesburg has a temperate climate. There was quite a number of people with the name "Johannes" who were involved in the early history of the city. In 2010, in order to create an efficient public transport system the Rea Vaya bus rapid system was developed/built. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility.[16]. Air pollution poses a significant problem, especially in the winter months, when thermal inversions impede the westward flow of air from the Indian Ocean. [110] City Parks continues to invest in planting trees, particularly those previously disadvantaged areas of Johannesburg which were not positive beneficiaries of apartheid Johannesburg's urban planning. Corrections? Pollution is most severe in the densely settled Black townships on the city’s periphery, where many residents still rely on coal for fuel. A part of the Gauteng Provincial Government's Blue IQ Project, Gautrain has made provision for a rapid rail link, running north to south, between Johannesburg and Pretoria, and west to east between Sandton and the OR Tambo International Airport. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. On the culture front, the city has several art museums, such as the Johannesburg Art Gallery, which featured South African and European landscape and figurative paintings. Further investment of around R10-billion (US$1.5  billion) is expected in the city centre alone by 2010. SiVEST Environmental Division has been appointed to manage the compilation of the State of the Environment Report. The Witwatersrand urban complex is a major consumer of water in a dry region. Johannesburg, city, Gauteng province, South Africa, that is the country’s chief industrial and financial metropolis. The Cradle of Humankind a UNESCO World Heritage Site is 25 kilometres (16 mi) to the northwest of the city. Johannesburg may not be built on a river or harbour, but its streams contribute to two of southern Africa's mightiest rivers – the Limpopo and the Orange. It is the hub of South Africa's commercial, financial, industrial, and mining undertakings. Droughts are common. Many corporations and institutions, including the stock exchange, moved their headquarters away from the city centre, to suburbs like Sandton. Johannesburg, Gauteng (142) Rosebank, Gauteng (19) Gauteng (17) Company. The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade. 34% use public transportation to commute to work or school. 1. Updates? Under the terms of the 1950 Group Areas Act, the cornerstone of urban apartheid (see below), each was reserved for a single “race group.” The act was repealed in 1991, but Johannesburg retains a high degree of racial segregation. Standard Bank (85) Create your CV and start applying for jobs today! Closer to Alexandria communities like Glenhazel and Norwood have been integral in the urban landscape of Johannesburg. Joubert had a park in the city named after him and Rissik has his name for one of the main streets in the city where the historically important albeit dilapidated Rissik Street Post Office is located. In 2019, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127, making it the most populous city in South Africa. The buses also have large feeder routes that run on ordinary roads. Johannesburg has a well-developed higher education system of both private and public universities. One of the youngest of the world’s major cities, Johannesburg was founded in 1886, following the discovery of gold. U.S. State Department Grant Funds Collaboration Between Appalachian State University and University of the Free State; All-of-America, including U.S. Business, Supports South Africa in Fight against COVID-19 U.S. Mission, Market Theatre Commemorate Black History Month With Month-long Run of “Paradise Blue” [63][64] From the 2001 census, the people live in 1,006,930 formal households, of which 86% have a flush or chemical toilet, and 91% have refuse removed by the municipality at least once a week. Greater Johannesburg, an area of more than 200 square miles, comprises more than 500 suburbs and townships. [38] About 575 people, the majority of whom were black, were killed in the Soweto uprising of 1976. It was formed in 1994, just after the South African elections of 1994.[120]. [47] Although black Africans can be found throughout Johannesburg and its surrounding area, greater Johannesburg remains highly racially segregated.[47]. The N3 was built exclusively with asphalt, while the N12 and N1 sections were made with concrete, hence the nickname given to the N1 Western Bypass, "The Concrete Highway". [citation needed] Other centres include Hyde Park Corner, Rosebank, Southgate, The Glen Shopping Centre, Johannesburg South, and Clearwater Mall. (The ESKOM Building was torn down in 1983, joining a distinguished line of vanished landmarks.) Following upon the establishment of Johannesburg, the area was taken over by the Transvaal government who had it surveyed and named it Ferreira's Township, today the suburb of Ferreirasdorp. Black Africans can be found throughout the city, but the majority still live in “townships” on the urban periphery, essentially dormitory cities for Blacks working in the city. Within the Metropolitan Municipality, the old centre, established in 1886 and given city status in 1928, has been listed in recent censuses as a "main place". Assistant Professor of History, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. The Metrorail Gauteng commuter rail system connects central Johannesburg to Soweto, Pretoria, and most of the satellite towns along the Witwatersrand. [6] land area of the municipal city (1,645 km2 or 635 sq mi) is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre (6,120/sq mi). [76] The ANC returned to the city's executive on 4 December 2019 following the election of its regional chair, Geoff Makhubo, to the mayoralty. [34] Soweto, a township founded for black workers coming to work in the gold mines of Johannesburg, was intended to house 50,000 people, but soon was the home of ten times that number as thousands of unemployed rural blacks came to Johannesburg for employment and an income to send back to their villages. The northern areas, including the business districts of Sandton, Midrand, Randburg, and Rosebank, are served by the rapid rail link Gautrain. [29], Like many late 19th-century mining towns, Johannesburg was a rough and disorganised place, populated by white miners from all continents, African tribesmen recruited to perform unskilled mine work, African women beer brewers who cooked for and sold beer to the black migrant workers, a very large number of European prostitutes, gangsters, impoverished Afrikaners, tradesmen, and Zulu "AmaWasha", Zulu men who surprisingly dominated laundry work. The geography of Johannesburg reflects nearly a century of racially driven social engineering that reached a climax under apartheid (literally “apartness”), the system of racial segregation in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Monumental Beaux Arts structures such as the Supreme Court building and the Johannesburg Art Gallery bespoke the city’s new status as an outpost of the British Empire, while massive, steel-reinforced concrete blocks such as Corner House, headquarters of one of South Africa’s leading mining houses, reflected the growing importance of American architectural techniques and idioms. As of 11 December 2008, every street corner in Johannesburg central is under high-tech CCTV surveillance. [citation needed], Media ownership is relatively complicated, with a number of cross shareholdings which have been rationalised in recent years, resulting in the movement of some ownership into the hands of black shareholders. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Johannesburg. Old Victorian-era buildings first built in the late 1800s have been torn down long ago. Stations on the north–south line include Johannesburg's Park Station (underground), Rosebank (underground), Sandton (underground), Marlboro (above-ground and raised), Midrand, Pretoria Station and Hatfield. The Johannesburg Roads Agency (JRA) is responsible for the rehabilitation, construction planning, designing and maintenance of bridges, culverts, traffic signals, footways, road signage and road markings. Central Johannesburg, the commercial and financial heart of South Africa, is laid out in a rectangular grid pattern that is unchanged from the first city survey in 1886. Looking for the abbreviation of Johannesburg, South Africa? It consists of closely packed skyscrapers such as the Carlton Centre, Marble Towers, Trust Bank Building, Ponte City Apartments, Southern Life Centre and 11 Diagonal Street. The Golden Lions compete in the Currie Cup, which they have won on ten occasions. The Joburg Theatre is South Africa's foremost "receiving house" of live entertainment—presenting world class theatre, both local and international. Johannesburg is part of a larger urban region. Work was considered to be an exceptions to apartheid in order to keep Johannesburg functioning as South Africa's economic capital. Urban, diverse and full of energy, Johannesburg is the quintessential city. 15% have primary education. The lowest nighttime minimum temperature ever recorded in Johannesburg is −8.2 °C (17.2 °F), on 13 June 1979. [118] In 2020 the government announced plans for high-speed rail from Johannesburg to Soweto.[119]. Johannesburg also has three teacher-training colleges and a technical college. The new university offers education primarily in English and Afrikaans, although courses may be taken in any of South Africa's official languages. The routes cover both the southern and northern suburbs with the main trunk route running from Soweto to Sandton and Rosebank, and the feeder and complementary routes covering most of Johannesburg, with the notable exceptions of Midrand and Centurion. As of 2006[update] the seven regions are: In the 2016 municipal elections, the ruling party, the ANC, lost their majority in Johannesburg for the first time since taking power in 1994, claiming only 44.12% of the vote. Infrequent showers occur through the course of the winter months. Architecturally, the city is a hodgepodge, reflecting decades of rapid growth and a singular indifference to historic preservation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued a Level 4 Travel Health Notice for South Africa due to COVID-19. Indeed, the city once sat near massive amounts of gold, given that at one point the Witwatersrand gold industry produced forty per cent of the planet's gold.[47]. These measures include closed-circuit television on street corners. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Tambo International Airport is the country’s main international airport. They have guided to the Bantjes camp with its tents strung out over several kilometres and stayed with Bantjes for two nights. The De Wildt Cheetah Centre[107] in the Magaliesberg runs a successful breeding program for cheetah, wild dog and other endangered species. Metrobus' fleet carries approximately 20 million passengers per annum. [citation needed] True Love is the most widely read women's magazine,[citation needed] catering primarily to the up-and-coming middle class black female market, and published by Media 24. The city was initially part of the Transvaal, an independent Afrikaner, or Boer, republic that later became one of the four provinces of South Africa. Johannesburg holds the distinction of being one of the few major cities in the world that was not built on a body of water. Some tend to include Benoni and Germiston as well. The population in 1904 was 155,642, of whom 83,363 were Whites.[33]. For its growth The economy of Johannesburg depended upon hundreds of thousands skilled white workers imported from Europe and semi- and un-skilled black workers imported from other parts of Southern Africa. [37], On 16 June 1976, demonstrations broke out in Soweto over a government decree that black school-children be educated in Afrikaans instead of English, and after the police fired on the demonstrations, rioting against apartheid began in Soweto and spread into the greater Johannesburg area.
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