Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. Shortness of breath, having trouble even climbing the stairs, when even the easiest things to do now seem to be hard. Depending on the location of phrenic nerve damage, paralysis may affect one side of your diaphragm (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral). https://www.foundationforpn.org/what-is-peripheral-neuropathy/symptoms/. Because the portion of the peritoneum that underlies the diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve, it could explain the shoulder tip pain. Thoracic back pain A Guide to Neuropathic Pain and its Unique Symptoms. Feel your stomach moving against your hand. Does chewing gum work? He is currently working on contacting Dr. Kauffman again to arrange a video conference with my husband and myself, to see if my husband is a good candidate for the surgery. Nerves such as the phrenic nerves are made up of axon fibers, which convey information to and from the brain. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on
Also, you should learn to know what is the difference when the nerve is irritated and when nerve is damaged. 04 Mar 2023 01:03:24 We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. That option is just not an easy one to swallow! Your phrenic nerve plays a critical role in your respiratory system to aid breathing. Elevation of the diaphragm on one side is often seen on a chest X-ray when one phrenic nerve is injured. Other symptoms of a hiatal hernia include: The phrenic nerve controls the muscle of the diaphragm. A person with unilateral diaphragm paralysis may not have significant symptoms (with some causes like neuralgic amyotrophy, there may be shoulder pain and arm weakness on their affected side). The phrenic nerves begin in the neck (cervical spine) and travel to the right and left diaphragm to control contraction and inspiration. The peripheral nerves also send sensory information to the central nervous system. The left phrenic nerve sends signals to the left part of your diaphragm, while the right phrenic nerve controls your right side. Some symptoms that can show that the nerve is irritated or damaged are pretty odd. A lot of people dont know the importance of phrenic nerve. Understanding the anatomy of the phrenic nerve can be helpful in looking for potential causes. A significant decrease in lung capacity is noted whether a single or both nerves are damaged, with a decrease of roughly 50% due to one-sided injury and a decrease of 70% to 80% when both nerves are involved. When this diaphragm moves, this pulls or pushes air into your lungs and your phrenic nerve helps to keep your body breathing automatically. Sensory nerves that receive sensation, such as temperature, pain, vibration or touch, from the skin, Motor nerves that control muscle movement, Autonomic nerves that control functions such as blood pressure, perspiration, heart rate, digestion and bladder function, Gradual onset of numbness, prickling or tingling in your feet or hands, which can spread upward into your legs and arms, Sharp, jabbing, throbbing or burning pain, Pain during activities that shouldn't cause pain, such as pain in your feet when putting weight on them or when they're under a blanket, Feeling as if you're wearing gloves or socks when you're not, Excessive sweating or not being able to sweat, Drops in blood pressure, causing dizziness or lightheadedness, Diabetes, especially if your sugar levels are poorly controlled, Vitamin deficiencies, particularly B vitamins, Infections, such as Lyme disease, shingles, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B and C, and HIV, Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, in which your immune system attacks your own tissues, Repetitive motion, such as those performed for certain jobs. Peripheral neuropathy (adult). What Are The Symptoms and Causes of Heartburn? The left phrenic nerve controls the left side of the diaphragm, and the right phrenic nerve controls the right side of the diaphragm. Rutkove SB. Numbness and a prickling WebPhrenic nerve paralysis leads to a poor quality of life, as the person is plagued by chronic fatigue and shortness of breath. In: Integrative Medicine. 4. Some people may not experience any outward symptoms with phrenic nerve injury. J Atr Fibrillation. Thank you for your information. When both nerves are damaged symptoms often include severe shortness of breath that is worse with lying down or when submerged in water up to the chest. Phrenic nerve damage can also happen during the neck injury. If your phrenic nerve becomes irritated or damaged, you may lose the ability to take automatic breaths. Anatomy, Function, and Related Conditions. We have worked with 3 different pulmonologists who all have told us much the same; there are 3 options. Stradivarius349545 Brown AY. WebNeuropathic pain happens from short circuiting of the nerves that carry signals from the brain to the body because of damage from MS. When only one nerve is damaged in an adult, there may be no symptoms, or there may be shortness of breath that is more apparent with exercise and problems with sleep-disordered breathing.. The phrenic nerve provides the primary motor Headaches. He also had to have a heart catheterization to rule out any blockages of his arteries, which came back perfect. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education. This means there is direct damage or irritation to a nerve. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. The neuroglia secrete a substance called myelin that lines the nerves and increases the rate of conduction (speed of nervous signal). Some conditions and complications can cause diaphragm spasms, which can impede normal breathing and may be uncomfortable. Even people paralyzed because of a spinal injury can often breathe by themselves because the phrenic nerves remain functional. Causes of Rib Cage Pain, Allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: clinical manifestations and mechanisms, Facial nerve trauma: evaluation and considerations in management, Repetitive nerve block for neuropathic pain management: a case report. It grants freedom from the mechanical ventilator, enables speech, and improves quality of life. 4th ed. If you don't feel like your doctor is getting to the bottom of your issues insist they do more testing or refer you on to somebody else. There are a lot of different causes of neuropathy, the most common cause in the United States is diabetes but other causes can include things, such as vitamin deficiencies, such as vitamin B-12 deficiency. What causes irritation of the phrenic nerve? With new technologies and imaging equipment, doctors are more prepared than ever to determine the cause of a diaphragm spasm and come up with a positive treatment plan. Central nervous system causes are possible as well. You may feel short of breath and have problems sleeping. This is because the phrenic nerve leaves the spinal cord high in the neck. When one or both phrenic nerves are damaged or severed, the diaphragm can no longer contract, resulting in paresis (partial paralysis) or paralysis. Diaphragmatic pacing. Other possible effects include tiredness, sleepiness during the day, and snoring. Chiou M, et al. The human phrenic nerve serves as a morphological conduit for autonomic nerves and innervates the caval body of the diaphragm. It causes your diaphragm to contract and expand, giving your lungs ability to inhale and exhale air. Neuropathic pain. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. 1. Damaged phrenic nerves can be treated with ventilation, diaphragm pacemakers, or surgery. Mine is a result of a motor vehicle accident in which I received a whiplash injury and closed skull injury. Diaphragm and diaphragmatic pleura (thin tissue covering the upper part of your diaphragm). WebPain is the most common symptom of a thoracic herniated disc and may be isolated to the upper back or radiate in a dermatomal (single nerve root) pattern. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle. I have a phrenic nerve injury that I am treating with acupuncture, reflexology, and touch for health and body management. There are several known causes that can lead to diaphragm paralysis: Birth The phrenic nerves then insert into the left dome and right dome of the diaphragm, respectively. The diagnosis of phrenic nerve injury requires high suspicion due to nonspecific signs and symptoms including unexplained shortness of breath, recurrent pneumonia, anxiety, insomnia, morning headache, excessive daytime somnolence, orthopnea, fatigue, and difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation. WebDoes your face hurt? The symptoms of phrenic nerve injury depend on whether one or both nerves are damaged as well as the age of the person and other health conditions. As you inhale, your diaphragm contracts so your lungs can expand to let in oxygen; as you exhale, your diaphragm relaxes to let out carbon dioxide. Other possible effects include tiredness, What Causes The Loss Of Nerve Cells In Parkinsons Disease. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. He went to see his doctor but he had no clue what was wrong with him and he told him to just live with it. CT scan was done and revealed he had a paralyzed diaphragm on the right side with 2 of the 3 lobes in his right lung collapsed. I realize the posts here are nearly a year old, but I felt compelled to contribute for anyone who happens to stumble upon it in the future. I can do my own work since I am a touch for health practitioner. Because nerve pain is unique, it has some medical buzzwords associated with it. WebSummary. But for people who deal with The phrenic nerve provides the primary motor supply to the diaphragm, the major respiratory muscle. Peripheral neuropathies. About a year later I was diagnosed with an elevated right Diaphragm. The left phrenic nerve passes just anterior to the pericardium (the lining of the heart) near the left ventricle. C7 nerve pain is a type of neuropathy that is caused by compression or damage to the C7 nerve root in your cervical spine. That led to a quick referral to a pulmonologist, which resulted in a year long process of other tests and specialty referrals. If you notice such symptoms, you should meet your doctor. A paralyzed diaphragm affects your lungs ability to exchange air. Nerve pain sensations may be described with these buzzwords, which include: Though you do not need to be able to rattle off this medical terminology when sitting in your healthcare provider's office, it is good to tell your practitioner about your pain and when you feel it. This diaphragmatic paralysis is a serious disorder and can lead to respiratory infections and neurological problems. 13 People Explain What Its Really Like to Have a Migraine. WebBy: Resto. Plication is preferably performed in unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in non-morbidly obese patients [27]. How long does it take for phrenic nerve to heal? By 12-18 months, the nerve permanently loses its connection to the muscle. After then, even if the injured nerve is reconstructed, it wont be able to tell the muscle to contract. It is also very common during surgery for congenital heart disease in infants. Your doctor may order an x-ray of the chest, which might show the paralyzed side of the diaphragm is stuck in a higher position. What does neuropathic pain feel like? WebYour phrenic nerves are critical to breathing. The diagnosis of phrenic nerve injury requires high suspicion due to nonspecific signs and symptoms including unexplained shortness of Health conditions that can cause peripheral neuropathy include: In a number of cases, no cause can be identified (idiopathic). It truly can feel like you have a second heartbeat, and they can be so severe at times. If one nerve is affected, you will receive one implant, and if both are affected, you will receive two. The information on this site is intended to increase your awareness and understanding of specific health issues and services at McLeod Health. Unexplained shoulder pain, especially with arm weakness. Pheromones are a fascinating series of chemicals produced by a whole variety of animals and plants. For others, symptoms can include a chronic prickling, tingling, In many cases, symptoms improve, especially if caused by a treatable condition. So the first symptom iswhen you are breathing hard. He is gettingwinded walking up the stairs, exercising or even just bending over to tie his shoes. This can happen because something near the nerve is inflamed and compressing it, or the The phrenic nerves originate primarily from the fourth cranial nerve but include contributions from both the third and fifth cranial nerve (C3-C5). Lie flat on your back on the floor or on a bed. 3) Set personal goals and celebrate your successes, even if theyre small. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):11697. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30145-x, Kohse EK, Hollmann MW, Bardenheuer HJ, Kessler J. The Foundation for Peripheral Neuropathy. Pain could come in the form of tingling, burning or a sharp pain, and could indicate sciatica, which is the compression of the sciatic nerve. Accessed April 2, 2019. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Mandoorah S, Mead T. Phrenic Nerve Injury. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. Goldman L, et al., eds. Another example would be if someone has B-12 deficiency and you want to get B-12 levels back up or a prevent it from worsening. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. --the symptoms of nerve regeneration, as the nerve growth cones fight through and around other tissue and send out weird signals that the brain has trouble interpreting, can feel very much like the symptoms of increasing nerve damage, at Since nerves such as the phrenic nerve do not regenerate, complete disruption of the nerve will lead to permanent paralysis of the diaphragm. Nearly a year ago, my husband began complaining of difficulty taking a deep breath, feeling pressure in the diaphragm area on the right side, particularly after eating. Mediastina pleura (thin tissue covering the chest cavity between your lungs). Also discover over 20, If you tend to get hiccups when you're drunk, you might be wondering whether there's something serious going on. It's probably nothing, The latest research shows that your brain is capable of an astounding amount of growth and recovery after an injury. There is no function in the right diaphragm. If you have any of the following in addition to the pain described above, you may have nerve damage: Neuropathic pain is often treated with adjuvant analgesics, such as antidepressants and anticonvulsants. A new app-based 3-D model of the full female anatomy is said to be the most advanced to date and could help change the level of medical care women. The nerves that control the movement of the diaphragm away from and towards the lungs as we breathe are known as the phrenic nerves. Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Smoking Pot Every Day Linked to Heart Risks, Artificial Sweetener Linked to Heart Risks, FDA Authorizes First At-Home Test for COVID and Flu, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Signs Something Could Be Wrong With Your Phrenic Nerve. They can affect your ability to talk, sleep and eat. For some people, drinking juice or eating right before a workout can increase the possibility of side stiches. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2018. Phrenic nerve damage can be caused by spinal cord injury and depending on which vertebrae are damaged, nerve impulses can be disrupted. Activities the person formerly enjoyed are basically out of the question due to inherent difficulty with simple breathing. The symptoms of phrenic nerve injury depend on whether one or both nerves are damaged as well as the age of the person and other health conditions. WebA phrenic nerve disorder on one side can especially cause breathing difficulty in people with obesity, heart disease, or lung disorders. Alan_45349542 It has been noted that phrenic nerve stimulation for central sleep apnea can cause sympathetic activity (release of catecholamines) that can lead to worsening or even an increased risk of death. The phrenic nerve regularly stimulates it to contract. I have had breathing issues ever since. No techniques specifically improve the health of your phrenic nerves, but certain measures improve the overall health of your nervous system. Take the Next Step. 2015;8(4):1314. doi:10.4022/jafib.1314, By Lynne Eldridge, MD Peripheral nerve surgery for tibial nerve damage - usual recovery scenario? Acid Reflux/Heartburn (because of LOW STOMACH ACID !) Nerve pain is complex and can be caused by nerve damage, irritation, or destruction. Recognizing Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: What Are The Early And Advanced ALS Signs And Symptoms? other information we have about you. All rights reserved. Bloating. Neurological examinations. [3] Technique Position the patient in supine lying with the lower extremity elevated (trendelenburg position). Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. It passes motor information to the diaphragm and receives sensory information from it. If both phrenic nerves are damaged, though, breathing is dramatically impaired. 2014;2014:924269. doi:10.1155/2014/924269, John S, Tavee J. Neuropathic pain also called nerve pain, is one of the many classes of chronic pain. The referred pain due to irritation of the diaphragm and other regions the left phrenic nerve is usually felt on the tip of the left shoulder and referred to as the Kehr's sign. People with peripheral neuropathy generally describe the pain as stabbing, burning or tingling. Issues with the lungs or diaphragm could be the cause of referred pain in one side of the neck or upper shoulder area. Do you feel nerve pain sensations when touched or is your pain seemingly spontaneous? The phrenic nerve is among the most important nerves in the body due to its role in respiration. Surgical procedures, tumors and other issues may irritate your phrenic nerve, bringing on persistent hiccups. In addition, they are often responsible for the referred pain to the shoulder that can accompany abdominal disorders. They come together to form the phrenic nerve in the neck, with the fourth cervical nerve primarily contributing. Code of Conduct | HIPAA Notice of Privacy Practices | Patient Bill of Rights | Notice of Email Security Incident | Nondiscrimination & Accessibility Notice | Medicare ACO Public Reporting | Pricing Information | Report a Compliment/Concern | Visitation | Download McLeod Health Mission & Values | Community Health Needs Assessments | Financial Assistance Policy. WebWhen the phrenic nerve is injured, the electrical signals in it stop traveling from the brain to the diaphragm muscle. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Mayo Clinic. If this injury happens in the lower part of thespine in that case breathing is not usually impacted. The phrenic nerve is responsible for the hiccup reflex. With phrenic nerve irritation, you might also experience: Your diaphragm can become temporarily paralyzed if youve had the wind knocked out of you from a direct hit to your abdomen. Learn to take note of what your pain feels like during your everyday life. As the only nerves that control the diaphragm, the phrenic nerves have a vital role in respiration. Your phrenic nerve also provides touch and pain sensory information to your: Your phrenic nerve connects to the C3 to C5 cervical (neck) nerve roots of your spinal cord. I have researched on my own and found out that the Phrenic nerve goes through the C4 area where I was injured. The diagnosis is sometimes challenging as symptoms can mimic those of a number of heart and lung conditions. Other symptoms of temporary paralysis include: Side stitches, or cramping in the ribcage, sometimes occur when you first begin exercise training or when that training becomes more intense. It is the muscle responsible for helping you breathe. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Make a donation. There can be some inherited conditions that youre born, as well. What Is Thyroidectomy And Why Is It Performed? It also discusses conditions that might involve the phrenic nerves, and how they are diagnosed and treated. Egypt Rheumatol Rehabil. over a year ago. Compression by the other structures in the chest. Upon first seeing his primary medical doctor, he had an x-ray and was diagnosed with bronchitis and treated as such, two times. You are so right, I have been doing research on my own because the Doctors have been telling me different diagnosis. When the inferior vena cava is clamped during liver transplantation, the nearby right phrenic nerve is often damaged. WebWhat does phrenic nerve control? The Foundation for Peripheral Neuropathy. These may include: acupuncture herbal medicine benfotiamine (a form of vitamin B1) supplements alpha-lipoic acid (an antioxidant) supplements To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which
Some even say they can be found in humans. Left shoulder pain can be caused by a variety of issues, including injury, inflammation, and nerve issues. Neurologist: DOKZOK, replied 2 day ago. Other treatments may be used for chronic nerve pain as well, such as physical therapy or nerve blocks, which are performed by injecting chemicals or anesthetics to the area, or by deliberately cutting or damaging certain parts of the nerve. Nerve pain can arise from a variety of 2014;13(9):924-35. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70102-4, Gordin E, Lee TS, Ducic Y, Arnaoutakis D. Facial nerve trauma: evaluation and considerations in management. Fortunately, you can usually live a normal life even with one-sided diaphragmatic paralysis. Paralysis of the diaphragm may occur with conditions such as: It's thought that in roughly 20% of cases, the cause of phrenic nerve palsy is unknown.. Our story is long, but I want to encourage anybody who is going through what we have, to be your own advocate when it comes to your healthcare! Diaphragm paralysis is uncommon. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 01/09/2022. I also have a lot of indigestion and burping and chest discomfort. Place one hand on your upper heart near your chest and the other hand on your upper abdomen just below the ribcage. Three major nerves (given the symbols C3, C4, C5) exit from the spinal cord in the neck and over a year ago, MakeMeCoffee349376 Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis due to cervical chiropractic manipulation. https://www.foundationforpn.org/what-is-peripheral-neuropathy/. I have another chest x Ray next week. What does neuropathic pain feel like? In MS you can experience acute neuropathic pain and chronic neuropathic pain. Tumors or other structures that press on the phrenic nerve may lead to damage, including:. WebWhat does phrenic nerve control? Other times, your hands or Like other types of chronic pain, neuropathic conditions often cause other symptoms in addition to pain. Accessed March 25, 2019. It comes in any and all shapes and sizes and symptoms, Loeser says. WebHowever, most sources agree that phrenic nerve pain and injury should resolve within a few days to weeks following laparoscopy." Its the only nerve in your nervous system that provides motor (movement) function to your diaphragm. Except for abdominal bloating he denies any other symptoms. The diagnosis of phrenic nerve injury requires high suspicion due to nonspecific signs and symptoms including unexplained shortness of breath, recurrent pneumonia, anxiety, insomnia, morning headache, excessive daytime somnolence, orthopnea, fatigue, and difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation. I am hoping they can figure this out and something can be done to help my situation. They cause your diaphragm to become smaller or larger so your lungs can inhale and exhale air. Bend your knees slightly, placing one pillow beneath your knees and another under your head. When lower When the spasm is chronic, it might be due to exercise-induced bronchospasm, and you may also experience: A diaphragm flutter is a rare condition that can be misdiagnosed as a spasm. It is a mixed nerve that originates at the cervical vertebrae and ends where it merges with the solar plexus of the abdomen. it is a sniff test, a pulmonary function test and an emg. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. For example, irritation of the diaphragm (such as by carbon dioxide injected into the abdomen during laparoscopic surgery) may be felt as pain in the right shoulder. The diaphragm muscle turns off and the patient may have difficulty breathing. The Foundation for Peripheral Neuropathy. It should not be used for diagnosis or as a substitute for health care by your physician. Chronic hiccups: an underestimated problem. Ablation for arrhythmias, or radio-frequency ablation for conditions such as atrial fibrillation, carries a risk for phrenic nerve injury. You may experience shortness of breath and sleep problems. Your phrenic nerve also provides touch and pain sensory information to your:Diaphragm and diaphragmatic pleura (thin tissue covering the upper part of your diaphragm).Mediastina pleura (thin tissue covering the chest cavity between your lungs).Pericardium (sac covering your heart).Peritoneum (thin tissue covering your abdominal organs). Diabetic foot pain is often accompanied by tingling and burning in the feet. The phrenic nerve is among the most important nerves in the body due to its role in respiration. what are the symptoms? Theres a lot of different ways to treat neuropathy but the most important thing is finding the cause of the neuropathy. Upon returning to the doctor, another x-ray was obtained, which the doctor said was a suboptimal image, but that she could see quite a bit of stool in the colon, and sent him home with a prescription laxative, and set him up for upper and lower endoscopies, as well as a pulmonary functions test. You can even continue exercising while holding the stretch. (1992). The phrenic nerves run from the cervical spine to the diaphragm. The diagnosis is often made by visualizing the abnormal motion of the diaphragm on ultrasound or fluoroscopically. All of the above testing has to be done first to make a positive diagnosis that it is truly phrenic nerve damage, but we are finally at that point. You may notice breathlessness during physical activity, though, or when you are lying down (orthopnea). As the nerves enter the chest, they take somewhat different paths as they run through the posterior mediastinum (the area between the lungs): It then passes through the vena cava hiatus on its way to the diaphragm. This finding could have important implications with regard to nerve stimulation practices. There are 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpal bones, and 14 phalanges in your hand and wrist. Plus, there are several other medications that your physician can prescribe to help with some of the symptoms of neuropathy. Most people with peripheral neuropathy have polyneuropathy. This contraction makes it flatter, creating negative pressure in the chest. A diaphragm spasm can occur for a number of reasons and in varying severities. There are a number of possible causes of phrenic nerve injury leading to paralysis of the diaphragm. Headaches in general suck. Every nerve in your peripheral system has a specific function, so symptoms depend on the type of nerves affected. Neurologist. hiccups, cough, dyspnea, pleural effusion and thoracic pain. Allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: clinical manifestations and mechanisms. Accessed March 26, 2019. Phrenic nerve damage can be caused by spinal cord injury and depending on which vertebrae are damaged, nerve impulses can be disrupted. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Lynne Eldrige, MD, is a lung cancer physician, patient advocate, and award-winning author of "Avoiding Cancer One Day at a Time. Since stroke 3 years ago??? Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. You may experience shortness of breath and sleep problems. The treatment of a phrenic nerve injury and paresis or paralysis of the diaphragm will depend on whether one or both nerves are involved, as well as whether the nerve is severed (as when it is disrupted during surgery) or remains functional (such as with ALS or a spinal cord injury).
Chadwick School Headmaster Fired,
Sheree J Wilson Married Chuck Norris,
Commercial Fishing License Louisiana,
What Happened To Rhonda On Melissa And Joey,
Berwick Football Coach,
Articles W