), The Hawke government: a critical retrospective, Pluto Press Australia, North Melbourne, 2003, Roger Wettenhall & John Nethercote (eds.) [85][87] Keating duly challenged for the leadership a second time on 19 December, arguing that he would better placed to defeat Hewson; this time, Keating succeeded, narrowly defeating Hawke by 56 votes to 51.[88]. [21] The 1959 case found for a fifteen-shilling increase, and was regarded as a personal triumph for Hawke. He was also a pragmatist, generally willing to allow his ministers a 'light rein' and to change course as circumstances required. APEC would subsequently grow to become one of the most pre-eminent high-level international forums in the world, particularly after the later inclusions of China and Russia, and the Keating Government's later establishment of the APEC Leaders' Forum. Labor Party power-brokers, such as Graham Richardson and Barrie Unsworth, now openly switched their allegiance from Hayden to Hawke. Bob Hawke, The Hawke Government set out to change Australia, having learnt from the successes and failures of past governments. In a speech to the House of Representatives following the vote, Hawke declared that his nine years as Prime Minister had left Australia a better and wealthier country, and he was given a standing ovation by those present. But while his professional career continued successfully, his heavy drinking and womanising placed considerable strains on his family life. The Accord is extended with unions moderating wage increases in return for tax cuts and superannuation entitlements. The Socialist Left faction, as well as prominent Labor backbencher Barry Jones, offered repeated criticisms of a number of government decisions. [67] In the Government's fourth term, Hawke personally led the Australian delegation to secure changes to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, ultimately winning a guarantee that drilling for minerals within Antarctica would be totally prohibited until 2048 at the earliest. Left-wing critics claimed that it kept real wages stagnant, and that the Accord was a policy of class collaboration and corporatism. [23], He was elected ACTU President in 1969 on a modernising platform by the narrow margin of 399 to 350, with the support of the left of the union movement, including some associated with the Communist Party. In a statement, Prime Minister Scott Morrison said Australians would be mourning the "profoundly Australian" 23rd prime minister. The deployment of an Australian naval contingent to the Persian Gulf is announced on 17 January1991, in response to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in what becomes the First Gulf War. He had just turned 18 at the time.He attained a bachelor’s degree in arts and law by 1952. Known as ‘Bondy’ and ‘Hawkie’, Hawke wore his highly recognisable Australia jacket, and joked and laughed with Bond in Perth during celebrations at the end of the race. He was also president of the university's guild during the same year. [16], In 1956, Hawke accepted a scholarship to undertake doctoral studies in the area of arbitration law in the law department at the Australian National University in Canberra. He was helped through this period by the relationship that he had established with writer Blanche d'Alpuget, who, in 1982, published a biography of Hawke. [63] Under the original HECS, a $1,800 fee was charged to all university students, and the Commonwealth paid the balance. Hawke was named Victorian Father of the Year in 1971, an honour which his wife disputed due to his heavy drinking and womanising. [110][111] The couple divorced in 1995, after he left her for the writer Blanche d'Alpuget, and the two lived together in Northbridge, a suburb of the North Shore of Sydney. [106][107] His family held a private cremation on 27 May at Macquarie Park Cemetery and Crematorium where he was subsequently interred. The Labor caucus was still given the authority to determine who would make up the Ministry, but this move gave Hawke unprecedented powers to empower individual ministers. The collection is located in the Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Library at City West campus. Immediately upon his election to Parliament, Hawke was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet by Labor Leader Bill Hayden as Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations. Robert James Lee Hawke was Australia’s 23rd Prime Minister and the ALP’s most successful and longest-serving Prime Minister. Hawke benefited greatly from the disarray into which the Liberal Party fell after the resignation of Malcolm Fraser following the 1983 election. [123], The Australian Government pledged $5 million in July 2019 to establish a new annual scholarship—the Bob Hawke John Monash Scholarship—through the General Sir John Monash Foundation. It was this ongoing dedication to racial equality in South Africa that would later earn Hawke the respect and friendship of Nelson Mandela. [109], Hawke married Hazel Masterson in 1956 at Perth Trinity Church. [113], Throughout his early life, Hawke was a heavy drinker, having set a world record for drinking during his years as a student. He later enrolled in the University College at Oxford having received the Rhodes scholarship. After Labor was defeated at the election, Whitlam initially offered the leadership to Hawke, although it was not within Whitlam's power to decide who would succeed him. Bob Hawke was  an optimistic prime minister, driven by the certainty that he could negotiate solutions to intractable problems and communicate with people from all walks of life. [14] The following year, Hawke won a Rhodes Scholarship to attend University College, Oxford, where he undertook a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, politics and economics (PPE). Critical to this was the early decision to harness the full capacity of the public service, rather than holding it at arm's length from policy development. Bob Hawke’s admiration for West Australian tycoon Alan Bond was well known when Bond's yacht Australia II won the America’s Cup for Australia in September 1983. Hawke was a Rhodes Scholar in 1953 and graduated from Oxford University in 1956. He was Australia’s longest-serving Labor prime minister but, while his party was still in government, lost the leadership in December 1991. Having risen to become responsible for wage arbitration, he was elected ACTU President in 1969, where he achieved a high public profile. Hawke briefly returned to the backbench, before resigning from Parliament on 20 February 1992, sparking a by-election which was won by the independent candidate Phil Cleary from among a record field of 22 candidates. [33] Despite not taking on the offer, Hawke remained influential, playing a key role in averting national strike action.[34]. It aimed to give Indigenous people direct involvement in administering government programs and provided for the election of Indigenous representatives from regional land councils. [16] Hawke eventually suffered from alcohol poisoning following the death of his and Hazel's infant son in 1963. Legislative and other successes included Medicare, Landcare, the Prices and Incomes Accord, the Family Assistance Scheme, the initiation of superannuation schemes for all workers, the formation of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) with 21 Pacific Rim Members, the deregulation of the financial sector, and the announcement that Advance Australia Fair would be the National Anthem. [40] More significantly, Hayden's staunch friend and political ally, Labor's Senate Leader John Button, had become convinced that Hawke's chances of victory at an election were greater than Hayden's. [56] Funding for schools was also considerably increased as part of this package, while financial assistance was provided for students to enable them to stay at school longer; the number of Australian children completing school rose from 3 in 10 at the beginning of the Hawke Government to 7 in 10 by its conclusion in 1991. It was achieved at the end of a difficult process for both bodies, at a time when the economy was stagnating. He is pictured here one year later. In 1956, Hawke joined the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) as a research officer. Considerable progress was also made in directing assistance "to the most disadvantaged recipients over the whole range of welfare benefits. L, Bob Hawke’s admiration for West Australian tycoon Alan Bond was well known when Bond's yacht, Roger Wettenhall & John Nethercote (eds. [100] Hawke labelled as 'absurd' the lack of political will to fix the problem. He became leader of his party on the day a general election was called in March 1983 and won a landslide victory in that poll, the first of four election wins. [16] Hawke began to drink again following his retirement from politics, although to a more manageable extent; on several occasions, in his later years, videos of Hawke downing beer at cricket matches would frequently go viral. [55] Partially offsetting these imposts upon the business community—the "main loser" from the 1985 Tax Summit according to Paul Kelly—was the introduction of full dividend imputation, a reform insisted upon by Keating. "Bob Hawke was a conviction politician who became a political legend. [45], In particular, the political partnership that developed between Hawke and his Treasurer, Paul Keating, proved to be essential to Labor's success in government, with multiple Labor figures in years since citing the partnership as the party's greatest ever. Fanatics have misrepresented what Islam is. [44] Unlike many of his predecessor leaders, Hawke's authority within the Labor Party was absolute. An official portrait shows him mid-speech. [69], As a former ACTU President, Hawke was well-placed to engage in reform of the industrial relations system in Australia, taking a lead on this policy area as in few others. According to the journalist Paul Kelly, "the most influential economic decisions of the 1980s were the floating of the Australian dollar and the deregulation of the financial system". By contrast, right-wing critics claimed that the Accord reduced the flexibility of the wages system. The Australia Act passed on 2 March 1986 ended the inclusion into Australian law of British Acts of Parliament, and abolished remaining provisions for appeals from Australian courts to the Privy Council. A national summit meeting of leaders of business, industry, government and trade unions is held on 11 April 1983. This enabled him to persuade MPs to support a substantial set of policy changes which had not been considered achievable by Labor Governments in the past. [77] Hawke also took a major public stand in the aftermath of the Tiananmen square massacre in 1989; despite having spent years trying to get closer relations with China, Hawke gave a tearful address on national television describing the massacre in graphic detail, and unilaterally offered asylum to over 42,000 Chinese students who were living in Australia at the time, many of whom had publicly supported the Tiananmen protesters. [24] He later credited Ray Gietzelt, General Secretary of the FMWU, as the single most significant union figure in helping him achieve this outcome. Other Ministers, too, were drivers in their portfolios in what was viewed as a reformist government. Hayden was further weakened after Labor's unexpectedly poor performance at a by-election in December 1982 for the Victorian seat of Flinders, following the resignation of the former Liberal MP Phillip Lynch. [46] The two men proved a study in contrasts: Hawke was a Rhodes Scholar; Keating left high school early. Hawke considered that Bond had lifted the national spirit with his win at a time when the country was in economic decline, but united around this 'marvellous historic victory'. [108] A state memorial was held at the Sydney Opera House on 14 June; speakers included Craig Emerson as master of ceremonies and Kim Beazley reading the eulogy, as well as Paul Keating, Julia Gillard, Bill Kelty, Ross Garnaut, and incumbent Prime Minister Scott Morrison and Opposition Leader Anthony Albanese. Hawke (1994), p.501. [27], In 1971, Hawke along with other members of the ACTU requested that South Africa send a non-racially biased team for the Rugby Union tour, with the intention of unions agreeing not to serve the team in Australia. [83] After attempting to force a resolution privately, Keating finally resigned from the Government in June 1991 in order to challenge Hawke for the leadership. Hawke did so without even consulting his Cabinet, stating later that he felt he simply had to act.[78]. The Liberals were torn between supporters of the more conservative John Howard and the more liberal Andrew Peacock, with the pair frequently contesting the leadership. Hawke presenting a relief cheque to South Australian Premier John Bannon following the 1983 bushfires, William Cheung and Bob Hawke in traditional Chinese attire, Hawke addresses the Labour Day crowd, 1980, After Labor's landslide victory, Hawke was sworn in as Prime Minister by the Governor-General on 11 March 1983. In order to quell speculation over his position, Hayden called a leadership spill on 16 July 1982, believing that if he won he would be guaranteed to lead Labor through to the next election. [75][76] The first APEC meeting duly took place in Canberra in November 1989; the economic ministers of Australia, Brunei, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States all attended. ), The Hawke Legacy, Wakefield Press, Kent Town, 2009, Blanche d’Alpuget, Hawke: the Prime Minister, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 2010, Bob Hawke, The Hawke memoirs, William Heinemann Australia, Port Melbourne, 1994, Bob Hawke, National reconciliation: the speeches of Bob Hawke, Prime Minister of Australia, Fontana, Sydney, 1984, Christine Jennett & Randal G. Stewart (eds. Bob Hawke became Australia's 23rd prime minister when the Labor Party won office, replacing the Liberal-National Party government led by Malcolm Fraser. [66] Hawke also secured the nomination of the Wet Tropics of Queensland as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, preventing the forests there from being logged. In 1983, Hawke personally vetoed the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania, responding to a groundswell of protest around the issue. Hawke's first attempt to enter Parliament came during the 1963 federal election. Hawke would later appoint Graham Richardson as Environment Minister, tasking him with winning the second-preference support from environmental parties, something which Richardson later claimed was the major factor in the government's narrow re-election at the 1990 election. After winning the support of key countries in the region, this led to the creation of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Former Australian prime minister and Labor Party leader Bob Hawke, who dominated the country's politics in the 1980s, has died at the age of 89. Kelty, whose support was vital, recorded that it was an exercise in changing people’s ideas; that the Accord opened the economy to the world, improved real wages and produced an effective minimum wages system, but promised that the living standards of all sectors of the population would be maintained. "[117], A biographical television film, Hawke, premiered on the Ten Network in Australia on 18 July 2010, with Richard Roxburgh playing the title character. [121] Bob Hawke College, a high school in Subiaco, Western Australia named after Hawke, was opened in February 2020. [60], In 1984, the Hawke Government enacted the landmark Sex Discrimination Act, which eliminated discrimination on the grounds of sex within the workplace. Harry Jenkins, the MP for Scullin, came under pressure to step down to allow Hawke to stand in his place, but he strongly resisted this push. The scheme was designed to shift part of the cost of higher education from the Commonwealth to students. Australians watching The Crown have ridiculed the British series’ depiction of former prime minister Bob Hawke, after the ABC posted real footage of an interview with Hawke … [44], Hawke pursued a consensual leadership style, committing a significant amount of time to chairing lengthy Cabinet meetings, and granting a significant degree of autonomy to ministers. "As a teenager Bob inspired me, as a PM he guided me." [79] Although the US ultimately withdrew the plans to test the missiles, the furore led to a fall in Hawke's approval ratings. [104] In May 2019, the month of the election, he issued a joint statement with Paul Keating endorsing Labor's economic plan and condemning the Liberal Party for "completely [giving] up the economic reform agenda". Bob Hawke was the ACTU President for a decade from 1970-1980, and President of the Labor Party from 1973-1978. He avoided public involvement with the Labor Party during Keating's tenure as Prime Minister, not wanting to be seen as attempting to overshadow his successor. Keating mounted a second challenge six months later, this time narrowly succeeding. [53] Among other reforms, the Hawke Government floated the Australian dollar, repealed rules that prohibited foreign-owned banks to operate in Australia, dismantled the protectionist tariff system, privatised several state sector industries, ended the subsidisation of loss-making industries, and sold off part of the state-owned Commonwealth Bank. Hawke appointed John Kerin to replace Keating as Treasurer. He publicly announced in 1980 that he would abstain from alcohol in order to seek election to Parliament, in a move which garnered significant public attention and support. "Bob Hawke was the greatest peacetime leader Australia has ever had," former Labor Prime Minister Julia Gillard added. [25] Questioned after his election on his political stance, Hawke stated that "socialist is not a word I would use to describe myself", saying instead his approach to politics was pragmatic. Election Speeches, Museum of Australian Democracy, Museum of Australian Democracy Blog, Museum of Australian Democracy, The Wheeler Centre Collection, The Wheeler Centre, Network of Prime Ministerial Research and Collecting Agencies, Prime Minister Bob Hawke shares the Australia II victory at the America's Cup, 27 September 1983, Hawke was a Rhodes Scholar in 1953 and graduated from Oxford University in 1956. Hawke was subsequently able to lead the nation in the Bicentennial celebrations of 1988, culminating with him welcoming Queen Elizabeth II to open the newly constructed Parliament House. [19] A year later, Hawke was recommended to the President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) to become a research officer, replacing Harold Souter who had become ACTU Secretary. He joined Australian National University situ… Hawke was born in Border Town, South Australia. [9], At the age of seventeen, the same age that his brother Neil had died, Hawke had a serious accident while riding his Panther motorcycle that left him in a critical condition for several days. [60][61] During the 1980s, the proportion of total government outlays allocated to families, the sick, single parents, widows, the handicapped, and veterans was significantly higher than under the previous Fraser and Whitlam Governments. By the end of 1990, frustrated by the lack of any indication from Hawke as to when he might retire, Keating made a provocative speech to the Federal Parliamentary Press Gallery. At the 1983 election, Hawke led Labor to a landslide victory, achieving a 24-seat swing and ending seven years of Liberal Party rule. [17][18] In his memoirs, Hawke suggested that this single feat may have contributed to his political success more than any other, by endearing him to an electorate with a strong beer culture. Criticisms of the Accord would come from both the right and the left of politics. The Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) was introduced on 1 January 1989. He was true to his beliefs in the Labor tradition and defined the politics of his generation and beyond. National Archives of Australia Prime ministers' records, National Archives of Australia, The Bob Hawke Collection, University of South Australia. [43] As part of his internal reforms package, Hawke divided the government into two tiers, with only the most senior ministers sitting in the Cabinet. The Hawke Government pursued a close relationship with the United States, assisted by Hawke's close friendship with Secretary of State George Shultz; this led to a degree of controversy when the Government supported the US's plans to test ballistic missiles off the coast of Tasmania in 1985, as well as seeking to overturn Australia's long-standing ban on uranium exports. [114], On the subject of religion, Hawke wrote, while attending the 1952 World Christian Youth Conference in India, that "there were all these poverty stricken kids at the gate of this palatial place where we were feeding our face and I just (was) struck by this enormous sense of irrelevance of religion to the needs of people". His leadership was damaged, the electorate was becoming disenchanted with the recession, and he was successfully challenged at the end of 1991. He went on to lead Labor to victory three more times, in 1984, 1987 and 1990, making him the most electorally successful and longest-serving Labor Prime Minister in history. He attended the University of Western Australia and went on to study at University College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. Neal Blewett, Robert James Lee Hawke, in Michelle Grattan (ed), Australian Prime Ministers, 2010, Gerry Bloustein, Barbara Comber & Alison Mackinnon (eds. "[57], Although criticisms were levelled against the Hawke Government that it did not achieve all it said it would do on social policy, it nevertheless enacting a series of reforms which remain in place to the present day. Current Labor leader Bill Shorten hailed him as the labour movement's "greatest son". Paul Keating, who had long understood that he would eventually succeed Hawke as Prime Minister, began to plan a leadership change; at the end of 1988, Keating put pressure on Hawke to retire in the new year. Former Prime Minister Bob Hawke’s daughter Rosslyn Dillon has quietly settled her $4 million legal claim against his estate lodged against her … Hawke wrote that he had very few regrets over his time in office, although stated he wished he had been able to advance the cause of Indigenous land rights further. In 1980 he was elected to the House of Representatives for the seat of Wills in Melbourne and in an unusual step, consistent with his background and public profile, was immediately appointed Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations, Employment and Youth. [90] The publication of the book Hawke: The Prime Minister, by Hawke's second wife, Blanche d'Alpuget, in 2010, reignited conflict between the two, with Keating accusing Hawke and d'Alpuget of spreading falsehoods about his role in the Hawke Government. Hawke’s second government: Australian Commonwealth Administration 1984 – 1987, Canberra College of Advanced Education and Australian Institute of Public Administration, Belconnen, 1988, Roger Wettenhall & John Halligan (eds.) Numerous ministers stated that they believed Hawke's consensus style and details-oriented chairing style was his greatest asset as Prime Minister. According to the media, Mr Hawke and his family were visiting Panguna for a … [74] The Accord was revisited six further times during the Hawke Government, each time in response to new economic developments. Hawke resigned as President of the Labor Party in August 1978. [22] He went on to attain such success and prominence in his role as an ACTU advocate that, in 1969, he was encouraged to run for the position of ACTU President, despite the fact that he had never held elected office in a trade union. [58][59] From 1983 to 1989, the Government oversaw the permanent establishment of universal health care in Australia with the creation of Medicare, doubled the number of subsidised childcare places, began the introduction of occupational superannuation, oversaw a significant increase in school retention rates, created subsidised homecare services, oversaw the elimination of poverty traps in the welfare system, increased the real value of the old-age pension, reintroduced the six-monthly indexation of single-person unemployment benefits, and established a wide-ranging programme for paid family support, known as the Family Income Supplement. The deeds to Uluru were presented to traditional owners, the Pitjantjatjara people, by Governor-General Sir Ninian Stephen on 1 October 1984. As prime minister, Bob Hawke promised no child would live in poverty by 1990. The 1958 case, under previous advocate R.L. In 1947 he became a member of Labor Party in Australia. His bitterness towards Keating over the leadership challenges surfaced in his earlier memoirs, although by the 2000s Hawke stated he and Keating had buried their differences, and that they regularly dined together and considered each other friends. Prime Minister Scott Morrison said Hawke had "defined the politics of his generation and beyond." [42] However, he was unable to have the Governor-General confirm the election before Labor announced the change. Interfaith dialogue was an important issue for Hawke, who told the Adelaide Review that he was "convinced that one of the great potential dangers confronting the world is the lack of understanding in regard to the Muslim world. He was also a pragmatist, generally willing to allow his ministers a 'light rein' and to change course as circumstances required. Prime Minister Scott Morrison also paid tribute to Mr Hawke. 'Bob Hawke was a great Australian who led and served our country with passion, courage, and … Supporters of the Accord, however, pointed to the improvements in the social security system that occurred, including the introduction of rental assistance for social security recipients, the creation of labour market schemes such as NewStart, and the introduction of the Family Income Supplement.
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