The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; and in the Northern Territory, the administrator. [302] Known as Medicare, it is now nominally funded by an income tax surcharge known as the Medicare levy, currently at 2%. Australia's size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with tropical rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east, and desert in the centre. [317] About 58% of Australians aged from 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications,[257] and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries. [47] The Madjedbebe rock shelter in Arnhem Land is recognised as the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia. [82] Western Australia was also founded "free" but later accepted transported convicts, the last of which arrived in 1868, decades after transportation had ceased to the other colonies. Australia (pronunție englez ... Pe 1 ianuarie 1901 cele 6 colonii au format împreună o federație, constituind Commonwealth-ul Australian. The two were unified as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1949 and gained independence from Australia in 1975. Since the 1970s and following the abolition of the White Australia policy, immigration from Asia and elsewhere was also promoted. [Not 1] Det är till ytan världens sjätte största land. [270], Today, Australia has the world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, a higher proportion than in any other nation with a population of over 10 million. [N 12][276] Indigenous Australians experience higher than average rates of imprisonment and unemployment, lower levels of education, and life expectancies for males and females that are, respectively, 11 and 17 years lower than those of non-indigenous Australians. [377][378], Australia is one of five nations to have participated in every Summer Olympics of the modern era,[379] and has hosted the Games twice: 1956 in Melbourne and 2000 in Sydney. "Kngwarreye Woman, Abstract Painter", p. 24 in. Geological Society of London Special Publication 346. [346] There is a symphony orchestra in each state,[347] and a national opera company, Opera Australia,[348] well known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland. De atunci, Australia menține un sistemului politic stabil, bazat pe democrație liberal ă ce funcționează ca o democrație federală parlamentară și monarhie constituțională. [332] Early colonial artists showed a fascination with the unfamiliar land. [147], The Australian mainland's continental crust, excluding the thinned margins, has an average thickness of 38 km, with a range in thickness from 24 km to 59 km. Historische Entwicklung Nachdem 1901 der Commonwealth of Australia entstanden war, wurden Fragen der Einwanderung von Unterabteilungen unterschiedlicher Ministerien, wie dem Außen-, Handels- und Innenministerium, behandelt. [266], Between 1788 and the Second World War, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles (principally England, Ireland and Scotland), although there was significant immigration from China and Germany during the 19th century. [39], The first time that Australia appears to have been officially used was in April 1817, when Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledged the receipt of Flinders' charts of Australia from Lord Bathurst. (eds) 2010. The highest-rating television programs include sports telecasts such as the Summer Olympics, FIFA World Cup, The Ashes, Rugby League State of Origin, and the grand finals of the National Rugby League and Australian Football League. It is also referred to as the Commonwealth Government, and abbreviated to Cth when suffixing bills and Acts of Parliament. Australia is the oldest,[16] flattest,[17] and driest inhabited continent,[18][19] with the least fertile soils. [285] Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 10,112 deaf people who reported that they spoke Auslan language at home in the 2016 census. Other matters – 16.3 Australian National Anthem", "Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies? [333] While the school remained influential into the 1900s, modernists such as Margaret Preston, and, later, Sidney Nolan and Arthur Boyd, explored new artistic trends. Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years[15] prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century, who named it New Holland. Ab Juli 1945 wurde erstmals ein eigenständiges Einwanderungsministerium unter der Leitung von Arthur Calwell errichtet. Explorers remained ambitious to discover new lands for agriculture or answers to scientific enquiries.[84]. [66] In 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. [7]:3 As of 2020, Australia has yet to issue any securities related to the deposit guarantee scheme through the entity. Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith,[123] is located in Western Australia. [221][222], Along with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore, Australia is party to the Five Power Defence Arrangements, a regional defence agreement. [201] In addition, the Commonwealth has the power to levy income tax which, coupled with the power to make grants to States, has given it the financial means to incentivise States to pursue specific legislative agendas within areas over which the Commonwealth does not have legislative power. [185][186] Thus, in practice the governor-general acts as a legal figurehead for the actions of the prime minister and the Federal Executive Council. [103][104] The shock of Britain's defeat in Asia in 1942, followed soon after by the bombing of Darwin and other Japanese attacks, led to a widespread belief in Australia that an invasion was imminent, and a shift towards the United States as a new ally and protector. [239] Australia has among the highest house prices and some of the highest household debt levels in the world. Includes those identifying as, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, (2015). [286], Australia has no state religion; Section 116 of the Australian Constitution prohibits the federal government from making any law to establish any religion, impose any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise of any religion. [219], Australia maintains a deeply integrated relationship with neighbouring New Zealand, with free mobility of citizens between the two countries under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement and free trade under the [179] There are more than 1,800 animals and plants on Australia's threatened species list, including more than 500 animals. [209] It led the formation of the Cairns Group and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. [372] Cricket is popular across all borders and has been regarded by many Australians as the national sport. [256] Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, particularly wheat and wool, minerals such as iron-ore and gold, and energy in the forms of liquified natural gas and coal. [228], A wealthy country, Australia has a market economy, a high GDP per capita, and a relatively low rate of poverty. Although agriculture and natural resources account for only 3% and 5% of GDP respectively, they contribute substantially to export performance. [351], The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world's first feature-length narrative film, spurred a boom in Australian cinema during the silent film era. Das Commonwealth umfasste zunächst nur England (inklusive Wales), dann auch Schottland und Irland. The annual Melbourne Cup horse race and the Sydney to Hobart yacht race attract intense interest. Otros eventos internacionales importantes que toman lugar frecuentemente en este país incluyen la carrera de Fórmula 1 conocida como Gran Premio de Australia , el Rally de Australia puntuable para el Campeonato Mundial de Rally o competiciones de cricket a nivel internacional. ], inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%. [127][128][129][130] The northernmost point of the east coast is the tropical Cape York Peninsula. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the time of an 1850s gold rush, most of the continent had been explored by European settlers and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established. [342] Australian Booker Prize winners include Peter Carey, Thomas Keneally and Richard Flanagan. Originating in Melbourne in the 1850s, Australian rules football is the most popular code in all states except New South Wales and Queensland, where rugby league holds sway, followed by rugby union; the imaginary border separating areas where Australian rules football dominates from those were the two rugby codes prevail is known as the Barassi Line. [349] At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading opera singers. [284] At the time of the 2006 census, 52,000 Indigenous Australians, representing 12% of the Indigenous population, reported that they spoke an Indigenous language at home. Prominent features of the centre and south include Uluru (also known as Ayers Rock), the famous sandstone monolith, and the inland Simpson, Tirari and Sturt Stony, Gibson, Great Sandy, Tanami, and Great Victoria deserts, with the famous Nullarbor Plain on the southern coast. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}25°S 133°E / 25°S 133°E / -25; 133. [38] Several famous early cartographers also made use of the word Australia on maps. For much of Australian history, the Church of England (now known as the Anglican Church of Australia) was the largest religious denomination, with a large Roman Catholic minority. [363] The first settlers introduced British food to the continent, much of which is now considered typical Australian food, such as the Sunday roast. The Commonwealth was first officially formed in 1926 when the Balfour Declaration of the Imperial Conference recognized the full sovereignty of dominions. [105] Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the US, under the ANZUS treaty. [13] It is the largest country in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country by total area. [181] The country has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system under its constitution, which is one of the world's oldest, since Federation in 1901. The Australian national cricket team competed against England in the first Test match (1877) and the first One Day International (1971), and against New Zealand in the first Twenty20 International (2004), winning all three games. International education therefore represents one of the country's largest exports and has a pronounced influence on the country's demographics, with a significant proportion of international students remaining in Australia after graduation on various skill and employment visas. Most early convicts were transported for petty crimes and assigned as labourers or servants upon arrival. [125][126] These include the western plains of New South Wales, and the Mitchell Grass Downs and Mulga Lands of inland Queensland. Goad, Philip and Julie Willis (eds.) [163] Australia has at least 755 species of reptile, more than any other country in the world. Australia adopted it in 1942,[102] but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II. [73] As a result of the 1967 referendum, the Federal government's power to enact special laws with respect to a particular race was extended to enable the making of laws with respect to Aboriginals. US regulations and laws would only apply to operations done in the US, that is, only securities issued in the US would be subject to US regulations. [384][385] The country regularly competes among the world elite basketball teams as it is among the global top three teams in terms of qualifications to the Basketball Tournament at the Summer Olympics. Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests. The Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA), or CommBank, is an Australian multinational bank with businesses across New Zealand, Asia, the United States and the United Kingdom. The coat of arms of Australia, officially called the Commonwealth Coat of Arms, is the formal symbol of the Commonwealth of Australia. Die Bank eröffnete am … [226] Day-to-day force operations are under the command of the Chief, while broader administration and the formulation of defence policy is undertaken by the Minister and Department of Defence. [75], The expansion of British control over other areas of the continent began in the early 19th century, initially confined to coastal regions. [188], Australia's electoral system uses preferential voting for all lower house elections with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT which, along with the Senate and most state upper houses, combine it with proportional representation in a system known as the single transferable vote.
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